Download Eng 2 Review for end of course exam-2012

Biology Pre-AP Course Review Guide
Answer the following questions, define key terms, and outline processes. This guide is to help remind you of
important concepts that were covered during the course. This is not an all inclusive list; some material related to
these concepts can be covered on the midterm. Completing this review guide is just the one of the steps to
preparing for this comprehensive final. You should have already started reviewing old material. Please make sure
that you study the material and look over your chapter packets, chapter reviews, notes, flashcards and old quizzes
and exams.
What are the steps of the Scientific Process?
o Hypothesis
o What is the purpose of a Control Group?
o Dependent/Independent variables
Graphing—which variables go on which axes?
o When do you use a bar/line graph?
o What are the important parts of a proper graph?
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
What are the levels of biological organization?
What is the structure of an atom?
o electron, neutron, proton
o element
o ion
How do you draw an atom’s electron configuration?
What determines how an atom reacts? How many bonds it can form?
Chemical bonds—what are the different types? How strong are they? Provide examples of each type.
What makes up a chemical reaction? Be sure to know how to balance a chemical equation.
What are the properties of water? How are they important to life?
o Hydrogen bonding
o evaporative cooling
o Hydrophobic/hydrophilic o solution (aqueous)—solute; solvent
o cohesion
What determines the pH of a solution? (i.e. what is actually measured?)
o pH scale o neutral
o acid
o base
How does a buffer work? Why are buffers important to living organisms?
Effect of acid rain on the environment
Why are carbon atoms so versatile in making diverse macromolecules?
What are the major chemical functional groups and their characteristics?
Organic compounds vs. inorganic compounds?
What are the 4 major organic compounds?
For each type, what is/are the:
 monomeric units
 basic structure of the molecule
 function
 different types
What reaction links monomeric units together to form long chains?
What reaction breaks long chains of polymers apart into monomeric units?
Protein structure—primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
o basic structure of an amino acid/peptide bond
o What is responsible for the chemical property of an amino acid?
st
nd
1 and 2 laws of thermodynamics
What are the different kinds of energy?
Energy coupling—exergonic/endergonic reactions
Describe the structure of ATP and ATP cycle. How is it used to transfer energy in the cell?
What is the function of an enzyme? How does it accomplish its function?
o Explain the “induced fit model” of how an enzyme works?
o substrate/active site/allosteric site
o competitive inhibition/allosteric inhibition
o environmental effects on rate of enzymatic reactions—temp., enzyme conc., pH
o feedback inhibition
Light microscope—how does it work? What can you see?
Electron microscopes—TEM, SEM—what are each used for?
What is the structure and function of the various organelles in the plant and animal cell?
o nucleus
o endoplasmic reticulum
o peroxisome
(smooth and rough)
o chromatin
o ribosome
o
vesicles
o chromosomes
o lysosome
o
vacuoles(central/contractile)
o nucleolus
o mitochondria
o Golgi apparatus
o chloroplast
Why are cells so small? (surface to volume ratio?)
What are the similarities/differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
What are the similarities/differences between plant cells and animal cells?
Describe the path a secretory protein takes from start to export from the cell.
Describe the fluid mosaic model for the plasma membrane.
Why is the plasma membrane said to be selectively permeable?
Discuss the different types of cell transport:
o diffusion
o active transport (Na+/K+ pump)
o osmosis
o endocytosis/exocytosis
o facilitated diffusion
o phagocytosis/pinocytosis/receptor mediated endocytosis
Explain the difference between isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic solutions.
What happens to a plant cell/animal cell placed in each type of solution (isotonic/hypertonic/ hypotonic)?
Know how solutions can reach equilibrium. For example:
B
A
A solution of 1 M glucose and 1 M fructose is separated by a
selectively permeable membrane from a solution of 0.1 M glucose
and 1.5 M fructose. The membrane is permeable to both sugar
0.1
glucose
M glucose
0.2
MM
fructose
1 M 1glucose
molecules.
0.7
MM
sucrose
1.5
fructose
1 M fructose

Initially, side A is ______________________ relative to side B.

Describe how this system will reach equilibrium.
Selectively permeable
membrane
Describe the stages of mitosis? What is the end result?
Describe the cell cycle?
density-dependent inhibition, anchorage-dependent inhibition
How do cells become cancerous?
Describe the stages of meiosis? What is the end result?
What is the purpose for the reduction of the chromosome number during meiosis?
Synapsis
Cytokinesis
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Process when gametes join to form a zygote?
What feature of plant cell division distinguishes it from animal cell division?
Describe how prokaryotes reproduce? What is the process called?
How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?
Oogenesis/Spermatogenesis—what are these processes and where do they take place?
What aspects of reproduction increases genetic diversity?
Gene, allele, loci
homozygous, heterozygous
haploid, diploid
phenotype, genotype
Genetic inheritance patterns: dominant, recessive, codominant, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, pleiotropy,
polygenic inheritance, linked genes
What is the formula for calculating genetic recombination frequency? What does the recombination frequency tell
you?
Mendel’s Principles of Genetics: Independent Assortment; Segregation
Punnett squares/Genetics problems—know how to do problems; know phenotypic/genotypic ratios
o
monohybrid crosses
o
sex-linked
o
dihybrid crosses
o
linked genes
Rules of Probability: Addition; Multiplication
Sex chromosomes of male/female
Determine the pattern of inheritance from various pedigrees.
Structure of DNA/RNA
Describe the steps of DNA replication for both the leading and lagging strands.
Why does the DNA strand grow only in the 5’ to 3’ direction?
Semi-conservative replication
Describe the flow of genetic information.
Describe the process of protein synthesis
o
transcription
o
codon
o
translation
o
anticodon
o
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
o
base-pairing rules
o
adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine, uracil
o
purine, pyrimidine
mutation-what are the different types of mutations and their effects?
Deletion, insertion, missense, nonsense, frameshift
What makes a liver cell different from a brain cell?
Basic structure of a virus.
Why is a virus considered “non-living”?
Bacteriophages—what are they? Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles used for replication.
How do enveloped animal viruses replicate?
Retrovirus—HIV/AIDS—How do retroviruses replicate?
Describe how antibiotics work?
3
How do vaccines work to stimulate immunity?
antigens/antibodies
Methods of Recombinant DNA Technology
Review DNA extraction, gel electrophoresis techniques
o
Restriction enzyme
o
Plasmid
o
Restriction site
o
PCR
o
Review how to read a gel and determine
fragment length from a standard curve
o
Recombinant DNA
What are the fundamental principles of natural selection?
Explain the example of natural selection seen in the peppered moths in England during the Industrial
Revolution.
Describe the evidences that support evolution. Know some examples.
o
fossil record
o
biogeography
o
o
comparative
anatomy
comparative
embryology
o
molecular
biology
Modern theory of evolution.
Explain the concept of speciation.
Genetic drift, gene flow, geographic isolation, gametic isolation, founder effect, bottleneck effect, etc.
Know the different selection modes with examples: directional, stabilizing, diversifying
Conditions that lead to changes in allele frequency and speciation: small population, non-random mating,
unequal chance of reproductive success, migration-into or out of the population, mutation
Effects of a mass extinction to number of species?
What is homeostasis? Explain some examples.
What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem? Describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
How much energy is lost between trophic levels?
Describe the biogeochemical cycles and know the human impacts on each:
o
Carbon cycle
o
Water cycle
o
Nitrogen cycle
o
Phosphorus cycle
Know the “players” at each of the trophic levels in a food web.
Population cycles
Regulation of population growth
Carrying capacity of a community.
Where on the curve is birth rate > death rate?
Where on the curve is birth rate = death rate?
Where is the carrying capacity?
How would the graph demonstrate death rate > birth rate?
Cause and effects of acid rain
Lake succession
4
Primary/secondary succession
Cellular Respiration
overall equation
Where do the reactions take place?
aerobic respiration
glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
electron transport chain/chemiosmosis
breakdown of how many ATP are produced in the various reactions
anaerobic respiration—lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation
Photosynthesis
overall equation
Where do the reactions take place?
light reactions—photosystems I and II
Calvin Cycle
electron transport chain/chemiosmosis
chlorophyll
Greenhouse Effect
Review Lab Activities: Review both procedures and results of the labs. Make sure you can explain why
the expected results make sense (background information to support).

What are the steps of the Scientific Process?
o Hypothesis
o What is the purpose of a Control Group?
o Dependent/Independent variables

Graphing—which variables go on which axes?
o When do you use a bar/line graph?
o What are the important parts of a proper graph?
Characteristics of life Activity—what are the characteristics of life?
Acids/Bases lab
o Know how red/blue litmus paper and pH paper works.
o Be able to analyze results to determine pH of a solution.
Buffer Lab
o What does a buffer do?
o How does a buffer work? What happens if an acid is added? a base?
o What is a titration?





Testing for Macromolecules
o Benedict’s test, Biuret test, Sudan III test, and Lugol’s (Iodine) test
 How do they work? What are they testing for? What is a positive/negative result?
 Be able to analyze results to determine which macromolecules are present.
Toothpickase Lab (Enzymatic Reaction Simulation)
o Effects of different environmental conditions on rate of enzymatic reaction
o Calculate rate of reaction from data given—what is the necessary equation?
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


Cell Lab
o
o
o
o
review use and parts of microscope and what cells observed looked like
calculate total magnification of an image
differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
differences between plant and animal cells
Diffusion/Osmosis Lab
o How do you determine the solute concentration of a cell?
o What happens to cells placed in isotonic/hypotonic/hypertonic solutions?
Dialysis Lab
o How does a dialysis machine work?
o What is filtered out and why?
DNA extraction Lab
o review steps of procedure and why each step was done
o What makes up the extraction buffer? What does each component do?

DNA fingerprinting Lab
o review steps of procedure and why each step was done
o How does gel electrophoresis work?
o review how to read a gel and determine fragment length from a standard curve

Natural Selection Lab
o how did natural selection affect the different populations?
o what environmental conditions influenced the direction of natural selection?
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