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Goals of the Church Goals of the Catholic Church: • Spread Christianity • Convert “Barbarians” to Christianity • Unify Europe under the power of the Church Hierarchy of the Church • Pope: From the Latin term papa • Archbishop: head of groups of diocese • Bishop: head of diocese - a group of parishes • Priest: head of parishes – local communities • Monk: A man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk • Nun: A women who withdrew from the world to dedicate themselves to God Monks • Monks had many jobs in the Middle Ages Society: – Pray 8 hours a day – Copy manuscripts (books) by hand – Teachers – Medical Providers • Diseased • Mentally Insane Governmental Duties of the Church The Church: • Collected taxes called a tithe (10% tax) • Ran courts such as The Inquisition • Punished Criminals • Made Laws Other Duties of the Church • Education -- Monasteries (where the monks lived) were Centers of learning -- Taught reading and writing to noble/wealthy children • Latin (not their vernacular language) • Vernacular: Your native language – Ex. English people speak English, French speak French • Establish schools throughout Europe • Hospital -- care for the sick and needy • Inn -- guest houses for travelers Decline in the Medieval Church If you were a middle ages lord or king how would you feel about what the church was doing within your lands? Issues that increased the decline of the Church: • Loyalty became divided between spiritual and economic duties • Bishops and monks took on roles of the Lord/Vassal • Fiefs were awarded to wealthy church members • Spiritual discipline and leadership declined – too much corruption The Great Schism • 1054 C.E. The Great Schism: – The Catholic Church splits into Eastern Orthodox Vs. Roman Catholic The Western Schism: 1378-1417 • The Western Schism led to 2 Popes: – 1 in Avignon, France – 1 in Rome, Italy Crusades • Crusades: a series of wars in which the Christians of Western Europe attempted to regain control of and keep the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslims. Crusades • The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives. – Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople (Capital of Byzantium) – The Emperor of Byzantium appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks. – European Kings and the Church both saw the Crusades as an opportunity to get rid of knights who fought each other & threatened the peace of the kingdom and Church property. • Many younger sons participated in the Crusades because: A. no inheritance of father’s property B. looking for land, position in society, or adventure Crusades First Crusade • Called for by the Pope • 1097: Three armies of knights assemble in Constantinople – French with Bohemians, Germans, English, Scots, Italians and Spaniards • Not prepared – No background on: geography, climate or culture • 1099: the city of Jerusalem is captured • Set up feudal estates to help defend captured land Christians win the First Crusade Crusades Second Crusade • Called for by the Pope to help defend Jerusalem • Only secured a small coastal piece of land • By 1144—The land around and the city of Jerusalem is lost to Saladin (Leader of the Muslims) Crusades Third Crusade • Crusade of the Kings – Led by French, English, and German Kings • Phillip II (French) – Argued with Richard and went home • Frederick I (German) – Drowned on the journey • Richard the Lion Hearted (English) – Ends up leading the crusade • 1192: After battling with Saladin Richard makes a truce: – Muslims maintain control, but UNARMED Christians may go to the Holy Land Crusades Fourth Crusade • Failed to recapture Jerusalem or any new territory • Purpose was to gather works of art, jewels, and gold to pay off debts incurred on previous crusades – Crusaders ransacked towns and sent their treasures home to be sold for cash Crusades Effects of Crusades 1. Opened up Europe to the rest of the world – contact with more advanced civilizations had impact on European civilization 2. Cities grew – through increased trade 3. Introduction of new products – Silks, spices, pearls, food, and clothing materials. 4. Classical literature was rediscovered – Greek/Roman Philosophy, Arab Mathmatics 5. Decline of Feudalism – Lords lost money, incurred debt, and were killed in battle 6. Left the common person with more knowledge of the world Bell Work 9/5/2014 • While doing your knighthood reading you learned about Chivalry (the way that knights were supposed to act in public and on the battlefield) – Honor and Responsibility as pillars of the Medieval World. – Saladin giving Richard the Lion Hearted a horse in battle. • Please take out your notes and something to write with. • Today we are going to talk about a conflict that changed peoples ideas about chivalry forever…The 100 Years War. 100 Years War The 100 Years War is fought between France and England 1337-1453 Causes of the War 1. English claims to French lands 2. France extending power in Europe (Scotland) 3. Edward III (England) claims French throne 4. National pride and economic rivalry 100 Years War 1. English Land Claims to France • The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line. – He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16th Century. – He was chosen over King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV 2. France Extending Power (Scotland) • Edward was also fighting to hold onto Scotland (Braveheart) – which was being supported by France 100 Years War 3. Edward III claimed the French Throne • In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France” 4. National Pride & Economic Rivalry • Large parts of “France” were under English Control – Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France. • England and France wanted control of Flanders' wool production. – Flanders (Part of France) wanted to be independent and asked England for help. 100 Years War Struggle for National Identity • France was NOT a united country before the war began • The French king only controlled about half of the country 100 Years War French Advantages • Population of about 16,000,000 • Far richer and more populous than England • At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 at most, Britain mustered only 32,000 British Advantages • Better Weapons Technology – Longbow • Better Strategy – English were outnumbered so they used quick raids – Steal what you can – Destroy everything else – Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom 100 Years War • From 1337-1415 The English were the most successful capturing pieces of territory and defeating much larger French armies. – Crecy 1346: English capture Calais which would remain with England until 1558. – Poitiers 1356: French King captured by English ($3 Million Crown Ransom) – Agincourt 1415: 40% of French Nobility Killed • After 1429 The French begin to reconquer their lost territory with the help of Joan of Arc 100 Years War The French “Re-conquest” • In 1429, with the aid of Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII defeats the English. – The English were besieging a French city (Orleans) – This began the re-conquest of the north of France. Bell Work 9/8/2014 • Please take out your notes from Friday, we are going to finish up the 100 Years war and then we are going to start a video on The Plague… • Please pick up two documents from the side: 1. The Plague Video Paragraph ½ Sheet • This will be due Thursday when you come into class. 2. The Middle Ages Study Guide Full Sheet • This will be due Friday before you take the Middle Ages Test 100 Years War Joan of Arc (1412-1432) • Peasant from Burgundy that suffered under the English • She reported having regular visions from God telling her to help the French King. – She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader – At only 17 years old she led French to many victories • She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands – Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432 • Her execution rallies French who continue to drive out the English 100 Years War The End of the War • Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued • By 1450, the English had lost all their major centers except Calais. • By 1453 the war ends. There was not treaty; only a end of fighting between the two. France Becomes Unified! France in 1337 France in 1453 100 Years War Effects of the 100 Years’ War • Sense of national pride in France and expansion of power • English Parliament gains power (House of Commons) and England looks beyond Europe • Increased value of common soldiers and decreased the need for castles and knights (longbow men and cannons) Black Death: The Culprits Bacteria Carried by Fleas Carried by Rats The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemia Form: almost 100% mortality rate The Disease Cycle *Draw in your notes… The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!! The Mortality Rate • 25 million people died in just under five years between 1347 and 1352 • Estimated population of Europe from 1000 to 1352: • • • • • • 1000 = 38 million 1100 = 48 million 1200 = 59 million 1300 = 70 million 1347 = 75 million 1352 = 50 million Medieval Art and the Plague An obsession with death The victims ate lunch with their friends and dined with their ancestors The Black Plague Causes of the Black Plague 1. Unsanitary conditions 2. No medical knowledge 3. Towns were situated close together The Black Plague Social Effects of the Plague 1. Terror and helplessness: no way to stop it 2. People lost faith: do whatever they want 3. People whip sins out of themselves 4. Blaming of the Jews: thousands slaughtered Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins Attempts to Stop the Plague Pogroms: killing and persecution against the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge “Jew” hat Attempts to Stop the Plague A Doctor’s Robe “Leeching” The Black Plague Economic and Political Effects 1. Death of workers and employers leads to a decline in production 2. Remaining workers demand more money leading to inflation (increase in the cost of things) 3. Laws limiting wage increases 4. Workers revolt over wage issues