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Goals of the Church
Goals of the Catholic
Church:
• Spread Christianity
• Convert “Barbarians” to
Christianity
• Unify Europe under the
power of the Church
Hierarchy of the Church
• Pope: From the Latin term papa
• Archbishop: head of groups of diocese
• Bishop: head of diocese - a group of parishes
• Priest: head of parishes – local communities
• Monk: A man who separates himself from the rest of the
world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice
of living like a monk
• Nun: A women who withdrew from the world to dedicate
themselves to God
Monks
• Monks had many jobs in the Middle Ages
Society:
– Pray 8 hours a day
– Copy manuscripts (books) by hand
– Teachers
– Medical Providers
• Diseased
• Mentally Insane
Governmental Duties of the Church
The Church:
• Collected taxes called a tithe (10% tax)
• Ran courts such as The Inquisition
• Punished Criminals
• Made Laws
Other Duties of the Church
• Education
-- Monasteries (where the monks lived) were Centers of
learning
-- Taught reading and writing to noble/wealthy children
• Latin (not their vernacular language)
• Vernacular: Your native language
– Ex. English people speak English, French speak French
• Establish schools throughout Europe
• Hospital
-- care for the sick and needy
• Inn
-- guest houses for travelers
Decline in the Medieval Church
If you were a middle ages lord or king how would you feel about what the church
was doing within your lands?
Issues that increased the decline of the Church:
• Loyalty became divided between spiritual and economic duties
• Bishops and monks took on roles of the Lord/Vassal
• Fiefs were awarded to wealthy church members
• Spiritual discipline and leadership declined
– too much corruption
The Great Schism
• 1054 C.E. The Great Schism:
– The Catholic Church splits into Eastern Orthodox Vs. Roman
Catholic
The Western Schism: 1378-1417
• The Western
Schism led to 2
Popes:
– 1 in Avignon,
France
– 1 in Rome, Italy
Crusades
• Crusades: a series of wars in
which the Christians of
Western Europe attempted to
regain control of and keep the
Holy Land (Jerusalem) from
Muslims.
Crusades
• The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals
as well as religious motives.
– Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and
threatened Constantinople (Capital of Byzantium)
– The Emperor of Byzantium appealed to Christians to
stop Muslim attacks.
– European Kings and the Church both saw the
Crusades as an opportunity to get rid of knights who
fought each other & threatened the peace of the
kingdom and Church property.
• Many younger sons participated in the Crusades
because:
A. no inheritance of father’s property
B. looking for land, position in society, or adventure
Crusades
First Crusade
• Called for by the Pope
• 1097: Three armies of knights assemble in
Constantinople
– French with Bohemians, Germans, English, Scots, Italians
and Spaniards
• Not prepared
– No background on: geography, climate or culture
• 1099: the city of Jerusalem is captured
•
Set up feudal estates to help defend captured land
Christians win the First Crusade
Crusades
Second Crusade
• Called for by the Pope to help defend
Jerusalem
• Only secured a small coastal piece of land
• By 1144—The land around and the city of
Jerusalem is lost to Saladin (Leader of the
Muslims)
Crusades
Third Crusade
• Crusade of the Kings
– Led by French, English, and German Kings
• Phillip II (French)
– Argued with Richard and went home
• Frederick I (German)
– Drowned on the journey
• Richard the Lion Hearted (English)
– Ends up leading the crusade
• 1192: After battling with Saladin Richard makes a truce:
– Muslims maintain control, but UNARMED Christians may
go to the Holy Land
Crusades
Fourth Crusade
• Failed to recapture Jerusalem or any new territory
• Purpose was to gather works of art, jewels, and gold to
pay off debts incurred on previous crusades
– Crusaders ransacked towns and sent their treasures home to
be sold for cash
Crusades
Effects of Crusades
1. Opened up Europe to the rest of the world
– contact with more advanced civilizations had impact on European
civilization
2. Cities grew
– through increased trade
3. Introduction of new products
– Silks, spices, pearls, food, and clothing materials.
4. Classical literature was rediscovered
– Greek/Roman Philosophy, Arab Mathmatics
5. Decline of Feudalism
– Lords lost money, incurred debt, and were killed in battle
6. Left the common person with more knowledge of the
world
Bell Work 9/5/2014
• While doing your knighthood reading you learned about
Chivalry (the way that knights were supposed to act in public
and on the battlefield)
– Honor and Responsibility as pillars of the Medieval World.
– Saladin giving Richard the Lion Hearted a horse in battle.
• Please take out your notes and something to write with.
• Today we are going to talk about a conflict that changed
peoples ideas about chivalry forever…The 100 Years War.
100 Years War
The 100 Years War is fought between France and
England 1337-1453
Causes of the War
1. English claims to French lands
2. France extending power in Europe (Scotland)
3. Edward III (England) claims French throne
4. National pride and economic rivalry
100 Years War
1. English Land Claims to France
• The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin
of the last king through the male line.
– He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through
the 16th Century.
– He was chosen over King Edward III of England, whose
mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV
2. France Extending Power (Scotland)
• Edward was also fighting to hold onto Scotland
(Braveheart)
– which was being supported by France
100 Years War
3. Edward III claimed the French Throne
• In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of
France”
4. National Pride & Economic Rivalry
• Large parts of “France” were under English
Control
– Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s,
holding sizable French territories as fiefs from
the king of France.
• England and France wanted
control of Flanders' wool
production.
– Flanders (Part of France) wanted
to be independent and asked
England for help.
100 Years War
Struggle for National
Identity
• France was NOT a united
country before the war
began
• The French king only
controlled about half of
the country
100 Years War
French Advantages
• Population of about
16,000,000
• Far richer and more
populous than England
• At one point, the French
fielded an army of over
50,000  at most, Britain
mustered only 32,000
British Advantages
• Better Weapons
Technology
– Longbow
• Better Strategy
– English were
outnumbered so they
used quick raids
– Steal what you can
– Destroy everything else
– Capture enemy knights to
hold for ransom
100 Years War
• From 1337-1415 The English were the
most successful capturing pieces of
territory and defeating much larger
French armies.
– Crecy 1346: English capture Calais
which would remain with England until
1558.
– Poitiers 1356: French King captured by
English ($3 Million Crown Ransom)
– Agincourt 1415: 40% of French Nobility
Killed
• After 1429 The French begin to
reconquer their lost territory with the
help of Joan of Arc
100 Years War
The French “Re-conquest”
• In 1429, with the aid of Joan of
Arc, the French king, Charles VII
defeats the English.
– The English were besieging a French city
(Orleans)
– This began the re-conquest of the north of
France.
Bell Work 9/8/2014
• Please take out your notes from Friday, we are
going to finish up the 100 Years war and then we
are going to start a video on The Plague…
• Please pick up two documents from the side:
1. The Plague Video Paragraph ½ Sheet
• This will be due Thursday when you come into class.
2. The Middle Ages Study Guide Full Sheet
• This will be due Friday before you take the Middle Ages Test
100 Years War
Joan of Arc (1412-1432)
• Peasant from Burgundy that suffered under the
English
• She reported having regular visions from God telling
her to help the French King.
– She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most
charismatic and feared military leader
– At only 17 years old she led French to many victories
• She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell
into English hands
– Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine
guidance, she was condemned and burned as a
heretic in 1432
• Her execution rallies French who continue to drive
out the English
100 Years War
The End of the War
•
Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued
•
By 1450, the English had lost all their major centers except Calais.
•
By 1453 the war ends. There was not treaty; only a end of
fighting between the two.
France Becomes Unified!
France in 1337
France in 1453
100 Years War
Effects of the 100 Years’ War
• Sense of national pride in France and expansion of power
• English Parliament gains power (House of Commons) and England
looks beyond Europe
• Increased value of common soldiers and decreased the need for
castles and knights (longbow men and cannons)
Black Death: The Culprits
Bacteria
Carried by Fleas
Carried by Rats
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Form:
almost 100% mortality
rate
The Disease Cycle
*Draw in your notes…
The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000
dead !!!
The Mortality Rate
• 25 million people died in just under five
years between 1347 and 1352
• Estimated population of Europe from
1000 to 1352:
•
•
•
•
•
•
1000 = 38 million
1100 = 48 million
1200 = 59 million
1300 = 70 million
1347 = 75 million
1352 = 50 million
Medieval Art and the Plague
An obsession
with death
The victims ate lunch
with their friends and
dined with their
ancestors
The Black Plague
Causes of the Black Plague
1. Unsanitary conditions
2. No medical knowledge
3. Towns were situated close together
The Black Plague
Social Effects of the Plague
1. Terror and helplessness: no way to stop it
2. People lost faith: do whatever they want
3. People whip sins out of themselves
4. Blaming of the Jews: thousands slaughtered
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pogroms: killing and persecution against the
Jews
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
“Jew” hat
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
The Black Plague
Economic and Political Effects
1. Death of workers and employers leads to a
decline in production
2. Remaining workers demand more money
leading to inflation (increase in the cost of
things)
3. Laws limiting wage increases
4. Workers revolt over wage issues