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CHAPTER
1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
An Overview of Anatomy
• Anatomy
• The study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology
• The studyy of bodyy function
Anatomy - Study of internal and external
body structures
• Gross Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy
1
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Atoms
Organelle
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Blood vessel
(organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.
6 Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
Figure 1.1
2
3
Body Regions and Directional Terms
• Axial Region: head, cervical (neck), and
trunk (thoracic region and abdominal region)
• Appendicular region: upper and lower
limbs.
Gross Anatomy—An Introduction
Figure 1.3a
4
Gross Anatomy—An Introduction
Figure 1.3b
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
5
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.4
Body Cavities and Membranes
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain
Dorsal body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view
Figure 1.6a
6
Body Cavities and Membranes
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
((contains
heart and
lungs)
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.6b
Serous Membranes






Produce a lubricating fluid
Allows organs to slide over one another
without friction.
Contains infection of one organ from
spreading to another organ.
Covering lungs- pleura
Covering the abdominal cavity- peritoneum
Covering the heart-pericardium
Body Cavities and Membranes
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
p
to serous cavity)
y)
Air ((comparable
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
(d) Model of the serous membranes and serous cavity
Figure 1.7d
7
Body Cavities and Membranes
Lung
Ribs
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral pleura
Diaphragm
(a) Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura
Figure 1.7a
Body Cavities and Membranes
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium
Figure 1.7b
Body Cavities and Membranes
Anterior
Visceral
peritoneum
Peritoneal
cavity (with
serous fluid)
Liver
Stomach
Parietal
peritoneum
Kidney
(retroperitoneal)
Posterior
Wall of
body trunk
(c) Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum
Figure 1.7c
8
• Body Sections:
1. A sagittal section divides the body into
right and left portions.
2. A transverse section divides the body into
superior and inferior portions. It is often
called a “cross
cross section
section”.
3. A coronal section divides the body into
anterior and posterior sections.
Abdominal Regions
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Liver
Right
Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac
hypochondriac
region
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
(pubic)
(inguinal)
(inguinal)
region
region
region
Gallbladder
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the
superficial organs
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
Figure 1.8a, b
Abdominal Quadrants
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
(c) The four abdominopelvic quadrants
Figure 1.8c
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