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CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy • Anatomy • The study of the structure of the human body • Physiology • The studyy of bodyy function Anatomy - Study of internal and external body structures • Gross Anatomy • Surface Anatomy • Systemic Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Comparative Anatomy 1 The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Atoms Organelle Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1 2 3 Body Regions and Directional Terms • Axial Region: head, cervical (neck), and trunk (thoracic region and abdominal region) • Appendicular region: upper and lower limbs. Gross Anatomy—An Introduction Figure 1.3a 4 Gross Anatomy—An Introduction Figure 1.3b Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) 5 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.4 Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity (contains brain Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (a) Lateral view Figure 1.6a 6 Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity ((contains heart and lungs) Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdominopelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Figure 1.6b Serous Membranes Produce a lubricating fluid Allows organs to slide over one another without friction. Contains infection of one organ from spreading to another organ. Covering lungs- pleura Covering the abdominal cavity- peritoneum Covering the heart-pericardium Body Cavities and Membranes Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) p to serous cavity) y) Air ((comparable Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) (d) Model of the serous membranes and serous cavity Figure 1.7d 7 Body Cavities and Membranes Lung Ribs Parietal pleura Pleural cavity with serous fluid Visceral pleura Diaphragm (a) Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura Figure 1.7a Body Cavities and Membranes Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium Figure 1.7b Body Cavities and Membranes Anterior Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (with serous fluid) Liver Stomach Parietal peritoneum Kidney (retroperitoneal) Posterior Wall of body trunk (c) Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum Figure 1.7c 8 • Body Sections: 1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. 2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a “cross cross section section”. 3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Abdominal Regions Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Liver Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac region region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (pubic) (inguinal) (inguinal) region region region Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Figure 1.8a, b Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (c) The four abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.8c 9