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Chapter 1
Life’s hierarchy of organization
Properties common to living organisms
Domains of life and which are prokaryotic and eukaryotic
classification systems for organisms
Scientific method and Hypothesis testing
What is a scientific theory?
Chapter 2
definitions of – matter, element, atom, molecule
major elements in living organisms
atomic structure, atomic mass, atomic number
electrons, electron shells, and chemical reaction rules
ionic and covalent bonds (what they mean in terms of
electron sharing), polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
properties of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic
acids and bases, acidic and basic solutions
understand structural formula notation
Chapter 3
carbon based molecules – organic compounds
functional groups – know names, be able to recognize
structures and whether a functional group is polar or nonpolar, hydrophilic or hydrophobic
definitions – macromolecules, polymer, monomer,
dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
LIPIDS --recognize fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids,
and cholesterol,
phospholipids form biological
membranes
CARBOHYDRATES – monosaccharides, characteristics of
starch, glycogen, cellulose
PROTEINS – recognize structure of an amino acid, protein
shape determines function – levels of protein structure
NUCLEIC ACIDS – nucleotide building blocks and subparts (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base)
Chapter 4
The Cell Theory, early microscopists, and scientists that
proposed the cell theory; Diffusion and cell size
Minimal components to make a cell (plasma membrane,
ribosomes, genetic material)
Biological membrane structure and the Fluid Mosaic model.
Features (anatomy) of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
For eukaryotic cells - Organelles structure and functions of
the organelles - nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth
and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles,
mitochondria, chloroplasts
Endomembrane system – function, component organelles,
how proteins move through the system
Cytoskeleton – three filament types, proteins they are
made of, which are involved in motility, motor proteins
Chapter 5
laws of thermodynamics
potential and kinetic energy
enzymes - definition and how they work
diffusion and osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis
Chapter 6 & 7
CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- summary equation, balance
sheet (input and output for each stage)
redox reactions -- what they are, why they are important,
what it means when you oxidize a molecule, what it means
when you reduce a molecule
ATP and NADH (from Chapter 5)
gylcolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain /
electron transfer phosphorylation)
electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD, where they are used)
proton gradient and ATP synthase - roles in making ATP
in respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor,
fermentation
how foods are used for energy production (i.e., where do
their building blocks enter the cellular respiration
pathways)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- summary equation and balance
sheet (input and output for light and dark reactions)
chloroplast structure, chlorophyll, why leaves are green,
light, photons, and the electromagnetic spectrum,
capture of light by chlorophyll and other pigments in
Photosystem II and Photosystem I
electron transport system in Photosystem II (the light
reactions), where is O2 generated, what are the end
products of the light reactions
Calvin cycle (the dark reactions), input (CO2, ATP,
NAADPH) and out put (3 carbon sugar)
Chapter 8
Hershey Chase experiment showing that DNA (not protein)
was the genetic material
DNA structure - double helix, antiparallel, discoverers
nucleotides in DNA (A, C, G,T) and RNA (A, C, G, U)
nucleotide pairing in DNA --> A-T, and G-C
DNA replication -- high fidelity DNA polymerase
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes
Chapter 9
central dogma -- DNA --> RNA --> protein
Transcription -- making RNA, RNA polymerase, promoter
sequence, terminator sequence, major types of RNA
(rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
mRNA processing -- cap, tail, intron removal
the genetic code -- triplets of nucleotides (codons)
Translation reading the code -- ribosomes and tRNA read
mRNA to make protein
Mutations -- change a nucelotide, change the information
Chapter 10
steps where control of gene expression can take place
how the lac operon works
functional substitution – PAX6 and eyeless
Chapter 11
functions of mitosis, definitions of haploid,
eukaryotic cell cycle and what happens in each phase
chromosome structure in eukaryotes, karyotypes
mitosis - stages and process, composition of mitotic
spindle, role of mitotic spindle
cytokinesis in plant and animal cells
cell cycle check points and relationship to cancer
Chapter 12
genes and alleles occur at specific positions on
homologous chromosomes
meiosis -- stages, and alignment of chromosomes in
meiosis I (homologous chromosomes form tetrads that
separate at meiosis 1) and meiosis II (sister chromatids of
duplicated chromosomes separate)
sources of genetic variation – independent segregation of
homologous chromosomes, crossing over.
homologous chromosomes
problems in meiosis - non-disjunction events
Chapter 13
Mendels experiments and his conclusions
Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment -know what these Laws mean in terms of chromosome
behavior during meiosis
Know how to make a Punnett square and determine
genotypes and phenotypes of offspring for monohybrid and
dihybrid crosses.
terminology -- genotype, phenotype, gene, genome, allelle,
dominant, recessive, co-dominant, incomplete dominance,
homozygous, heterozygous,
Chapter 14
autosomal recessive and dominant inheritance
sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia
sex-linked inheritance patterns (and punnett squares)
X chromosome inactivation, pleiotropy and epistasis
Chapter 15
cloning – making a particular protein
DNA profiling - how it works – CODIS & 13 standard STRs
for profiling, STR variation among individuals Chapter 16
historical figures in evolutionary thought (Aristotle, Cuvier,
Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus, Darwin, Wallace)
natural selection
evidence for age of earth, fossil evidence for evolution
evidence for evolution in living organisms (homologous
structures and morphological divergence, analogous
structures and morphological convergence)
Chapters 17 &18
genetic equilibrium; examples of selection (peppered moth
and warfarin resistant rats)
speciation (what defines a species, allopatric speciation)
macroevolution and descent from a common ancestor (all
life on earth is derived from a common ancestor)
ideas about early evolution (conditions on earth being
suitable for spontaneous formation of organic molecules)
endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts (and
evidence)
evolutionary relationships between bacteria, archaea and
eukarya
Chapter 19
virus structure and “life”cycle (are they alive?)
prokaryotic traits (structure, cell division process)
define photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph,
chemoheterotroph
bacterial conjugation, environments inhabited by archaea
similarities/differences between bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Chapter 20
defining characteristics of protists
examples of protists (from ones we talked about in lecture
and in lab), life cycle of slime molds, choanocyte features
describe motility of paramecium and amoebas and
compare to higher eukaryotes
Chapter 21
defining characteristics of plants
explain/diagram lifecycle – alternation of generations
features of each plant group (vascular or non-vascular,
seeds or spores, flowers or not)
differences between monocots and dicots
differences between rhizoids, rhizomes, and roots
double fertilization in angiosperms
compare plant lifecycle to fungi
Chapter 22
defining characteristics of fungi and lichens
main groups of fungi and their reproductive structures
Chapter 23
defining characteristics of animals
defining characteristics of each phylum of invertebrates
(what special cell types or structures do they have) and
common examples of each
define symmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry,
cephalization, gastrovascular cavity, tube-within-a-tube
body plan, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, segmentation,
exoskeleton, endoskeleton.
Chapter 24
four defining characteristics for chordates
defining characteristics for each class, common examples
define endoskeleton, cartilage, bone, tetrapod, amniote,
ectotherm, endotherm, hominid
Chapter 25
define animal behavior, selfish herd, bubble net hunting
Chapter 26
define population, carrying capacity, survivorship curves
life history and life history evolution (example of guppy
predation)
human population trends, correlation with industrialization
Chapter 27
define community and types of direct inter-species
interactions (symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism,
parasitism)
predator-prey interdependence, ecological succession,
keystone species
Chapter 28
define ecosystem
explain food chains (trophic levels) food webs, definitions
of producers, consumers (primary and secondary),
decomposers, trophic level pyramids
explain/diagram water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle
summarize changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time
Chapter 29
define biosphere, biome, climate
factors that influence/generate climate, effect of climate of
type of biome
define/describe major biomes (tropical rain forest,
temperate forest, boreal forest, grassland, chaparral,
desert) and where they occur
Chapter 30
consequences of deforestation
effects of acid rain
biodiversity and goals of conservation biology