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Download Topic 8 Volcanoes
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COPY VOLCANOES Mr. Rocco Structure change H The CRATER is an opening at the Earth's surface. It is also a bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano where volcanic materials like, ash, lava, and other pyroclastic materials are released. The vent is a passageway in the volcano in which the magma rises through to the surface during an eruption. COPY …MORE FEATURES of VOLCANOES Sill: magma flow below(horizontally between..) layers of volcanic cone Dike: magma flow across layers of volcanic cone The photograph above shows a dike composed of a dark band of basaltic rock which cuts across the lighter layers of gneiss. This dike is located on the west side of the Palisades Interstate Parkway in New Jersey. H H Composite Volcanoes Composite H volcanoes, also called strato volcanoes, are formed by alternating layers of lava and rock fragments. H St. Augustine volcano, Alaska. Composite cone. H H Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes are huge in size. They are built by many layers of runny lava flows. Lava spills out of a central vent or group of vents. A broad shaped, gently sloping cone is formed. H H Here are 4 of the volcanoes that comprise the big island of Hawaii. They are Mauna Kea (MK), Mauna Loa (ML), Hualalai (H), and Kohala (K). The photo was taken from near the summit of East Maui volcano (EM). These are the largest volcanoes on Earth. 13,796 feet 13,679 FT Cinder Cones H Cinder cones are built from lava fragments called cinders. The lava fragments are ejected from a single vent and accumulate around the vent when they fall back to earth. Mt SHASTA, CALIFORNIA 14,179 FT H H Lava Plateaus Lava H plateaus are formed by the large outpourings of fluid lava from long narrow openings in the crust and builds up layer upon layer each time it erupts. A pretty good example will be the Columbia Plateau in the USA H H Pyroclastic Flows Pyroclastic H flows are mixtures of hot gas, ash and other volcanic rocks traveling very quickly down the slopes of volcanoes. They are one of the most dangerous hazards posed by volcanoes. H H OUCH…… HOT STUFF! Mt. Etna, Sicily (November 2002) -- Basaltic volcanism began on Mt. Etna in 1999 and has continued through 2003. The photograph here is from a sustained volcanic eruption from fractures on the south flank of Mt. Etna in November 2002. Get me out of here!!! H Lava Channel -- Lava erupts from vents on the northeast rift zone of the Mauna Loa volcano in 1984 to produce a lava channel. Note the USGS volcanologist who appears as a thin white vertical line in the center of the photograph. H Mt. Augustine, Alaska -- A pyroclastic flow from the 1996 eruption of Mt. Augustine in the Aluetian Islands. The glowing avalanche races down the flanks of the volcano at hurricane-force speeds. The avalanche is partly disguised by the more bouyant, billowing ash cloud that rises above it. Effects of Volcanoes