Download TERM 1 Final Exam – Study Guide

TERM 1 Final Exam – Study Guide
THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY/GEOGRAPHIC TOOLS:


Place is a theme of geography that describes a specific area on the earth.
Region is a theme of geography that means areas in the world that have something in
common.

Location is a theme of geography that indicates WHERE something is on the earth.

Relationships/Interactions is a theme of geography that discusses how people affect
the physical earth and how the physical earth affects people.

Movement is a theme of geography that discusses how and why things MOVE on the
earth.

Human beings have always used some form of maps to help them find out where they
are, where they are going, how to get there, and how long it will take to get there.

Latitude lines run in horizontal parallel lines around the earth. Longitude lines are NOT
parallel, they cross at the North and South Poles.

The ZERO latitude line is called the Equator; the ZERO longitude is called the PRIME
MERIDIAN.

Map projections are a way to show the curved surface of the earth on a flat surface.
PHYSCIAL EARTH:


Know the relative sizes of the Oceans – from largest to smallest – Pacific (largest),
Atlantic, Indian, Southern, to Arctic (smallest).
Know WHERE the Oceans of the World are. The Indian Ocean lays between Africa and
Australia; the Arctic Ocean covers the North Pole; the Pacific Ocean separates the
American continents from Asia; the Atlantic Ocean separates the American continents
from Europe and Africa.

Know the continents by size – largest, Asia, Africa, North America, South America,
Europe, Antarctica, and Australia (smallest).

All continents EXCEPT Antarctica are associated with at least one country.

Australia is BOTH a continent and a country.

Mt. Everest is the world’s highest mountain (point above sea-level).


The deepest point on the ocean floor is “Challenger Deep” in the Mariana Trench of the
Pacific Ocean.
More than 70% of the earth is covered in water.

The coldest temperature on earth was -128°f at Vostok Station, Antarctica.

Europe has a moderate climate because of warm Atlantic Ocean currents.

Inside the earth’s crust are several layers of magma, rock, and various minerals.

There is about the same amount of on the earth today as there was 10,000 years ago.



The Andes Mountains are the “backbone” of South America, the Himalayas are the
highest mountains in the world; the Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia; the
Rocky Mountains are the longest mountains in North America.
The North Pole (the Arctic) has Polar Bears, the South Pole (Antarctica) has penguins.
Divergent tectonic plate boundaries are pulling away from each other; convergent
plates are crashing into each other, and transform plates rub against each other in
opposite directions

The Lithosphere is the ground and rock of the earth.

The Atmosphere is the layer of gasses surrounding the earth – the air.

The Hydrosphere is the water on the earth.

The Biosphere is where the other three ‘spheres’ come together to sustain life on the
earth.


Climate is the average atmospheric conditions over a long time.
Weather is the atmospheric conditions here and now (short time).
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY:


Which are elements of culture: language, education, religion, outward expression,
patterns of behavior.
Cultures are changing constantly through diffusion, innovation, and acculturation
Economy is the way people exchange goods and services.
A command economy dictates every aspect of production and price. A market economy
allows supply and demand to establish prices.
A monarchy is government with a King or Queen in charge.
A democracy is where all the citizens vote to establish the laws.

A republic is a government where citizens vote to elect representatives who make the




laws.






Urbanization is a dramatic rise in the numbers of cities.
The part of a city focused on the manufacturing of goods is called the industrial area;
the residential area is where people live; the commercial area is where goods and
services are traded, and the recreational area is where people relax, play and entertain
themselves.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are mono-theistic religions. Hinduism is a Poly-theistic
religion.
The US population is aging due to better health care and lower birth rates.
Renewable Resources are natural resources that can be replaced naturally. Nonrenewable resources CANNOT be replaced naturally.
PULL factors are reasons people want to COME to a country. PUSH factors are reasons
people want to LEAVE their country.