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VERB PHRASE VP He plays soccer in the garden every day. He plays is playing is going to play will play played has played has been playing VERB PHRASE VP A VP is a structure which has a verb as the head of the phrase Pre-modification here is given by modal and/or auxiliary verbs Auxiliaries are functional marks; if you say: “He is singing” using auxiliary “is” you have marked time (present) and subject (third person singular). The use of auxiliaries in English is obligatory for interrogative and negative forms: You are students. Are you students? You are not students You study English. Do you study Eng.? You don’t study Eng. He sings in a band. Does he sing in a band? He doesn’t sing in a band. Other applications of auxiliaries convey some meaning, depending on the correlation between structural aspects and semantic fields. Compare: He would come He could come He must come VP Pre-modifiers We have seen that pre-modifiers do not change the head of the NP, while in VP the elements which precede the main verb (auxiliaries) do modify the head-verb. Let’s examine the following sentences, where the head-verb is “sing”: NOUN PHRASE He AUXILIARY VERB _ sings NOUN PHRASE a lovely song He is singing a lovely song A lovely song is sung by him He may sing a lovely song Types of verbs in English Regular (Paradigm with -ed form) 1. Lexical verbs (Full / Semantic) Irregular heart) (Paradigm to be learned by Primary (to be /to have /to do) 2. Auxiliary verbs Secondary (modals) (can/could/may/might/shall/should) REGULAR LEXICAL VERBS Ex. Paradigm: To call infinitive called called past simple past participle We have 4 forms: 1. 2. 3. 4. call calls called calling (base) (-s form) (-ed form) (-ing form) IRREGULAR LEXICAL VERBS Ex. Paradigm: a. To cut cut cut + –s form + –ing form b. To meet met met + –s form + –ing form c. To come came come + –s form + –ing form d. To speak spoke spoken + –s form + –ing form all alike = 3 forms = p.t. = p.p. 4 forms = base = p.p. 4 forms all different = 5 forms But there is an English verb with 8 forms … It is an auxiliary and its paradigm is: To be Here are its 8 forms: 1. be (base form) 2. was 3. been 4. am 5. are 6. is 7. were 8. being was been … and verbs with no paradigm: They are all the modals (secondary auxiliaries), even if we can find “could” as the past simple of “can” Compare: I can drive a car I could drive a car (also I was able to drive a car) I will be able to drive a car She must She had to She will have to dance dance dance QUESTION TAGS Ted: 1 It’s nice today, isn’t it? Amy: Yes, we’re having a lovely summer, aren’t we? You’ve been on holiday, haven’t you? Ted: No, not yet. We’re going to Greece next month. It’s nice today, isn’t it? You haven’t been away this summer, have you? Amy: No, but we are going to Sweden in the autumn. QUESTION TAGS A 2 question tag is a short question (e.g. isn’t it?) added on to a statement. When there is a falling intonation, the speaker is sure (or almost sure) that the statement is true: “It’s nice today, isn’t it?” In this case the tag is not really a question! A rising intonation means that the speaker is less sure: “You’ve been on holiday, haven’t you?” The tag is more like a real question. QUESTION TAGS British English (BrE) You’re Italian, You aren’t English, Tom’s got a car, Jane hasn’t got a boat, She speaks English, You don’t speak French, They saw him, They didn’t see her, Mike will come, Amy won’t come, 3 aren’t you? are you? hasn’t he? has she? doesn’t she? do you? didn’t they? did they? won’t he? will she? QUESTIONS TAGS You can do it, Laura can’t do it, He could do it, She couldn’t do it, They must do it, You mustn’t do it, Ann should do it, He shouldn’t do it, 4 can’t you? can she? couldn’t he? could she? mustn’t they? must you? shouldn’t she? should he? QUESTION TAGS In 5 American English (AmE) question tags are used much less often than in BrE. A question tag like: “We’ll have to hurry, won’t we?” can sound strange to Americans. They prefer using: right? and OK? “We’ll have to hurry, right?” “You can do it, OK?” Adverbs: an overview An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb An adverb “qualifies” or “modifies” a verb But adverbs can also modify adjectives Mary is really beautiful or other adverbs The man ran quickly It works very well or even a whole sentence Obviously, I can’t know everything Position of Adverbs Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence: Front (before the subject): Now we will study adverbs. Middle (between the subject and the main verb, except the verb “to be”): We often study adverbs (the adverb comes BEFORE the verb) He is always late (the adverb comes AFTER the verb) End (after the verb or object): They dance occasionally. We study adverbs carefully. Sentence Construction Game http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/game/en30stru-ga The tongue twister game She sells sea shells on the sea shore Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets A big black bug bit a big black bear Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup. A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed. It’s your turn now! 1. Write your first name (or the name of a friend) 2. What did she/he do / is doing? 3. Where? 4. When? 5. Why? Because… Some examples: Who – what – where – when – why Bob bought a bike in Bali on his birthday because he was bored Susan sang a song at the seaside on the 6th of September because she saw some sunshine Laura laughed in the laundrette at lunchtime because she lost her laundry