Download Ecology, interdependence, ecological model, biosphere, ecosystem

To Know:
Ecology, interdependence, ecological
model, biosphere, ecosystem,
community, population, habitat, biotic
factor, abiotic factor, tolerance curve,
acclimation, conformer, regulator,
dormancy, migration, niche, generalist,
specialist, producer, chemosynthesis,
gross primary productivity, biomass, net
primary productivity, consumer,
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore,
detritivore, decomposer, trophic level,
food chain, food web, biogeochemical
cycle, groundwater, water cycle,
transpiration, carbon cycle, nitrogen
cycle, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen-fixing
bacteria, ammonification, nitrification,
denitrification, phosphorus cycle.
To Understand:
Ecology shows the dependent of
organisms on its connections with biotic
and abiotic factors.
The five levels of ecological
organization are interconnected, each a
little larger than the other and including
all the levels below.
Biotic and abiotic factors show an
organism will react in its environment.
There are different biogeochemial
cycles that recycle needed nutrients.
Be Able to Do:
Compare and contrast the
different levels of organization.
Explain the role of producers,
consumers in the energy
transfer from one tropic level to
the next.
Explain the difference between
food chains and webs.
Explain how the different
biogeochemical cycles play a
role in recycling nutrients.
1. It is the
study of
interaction
between
organisms
both
abiotic and
biotic
factors.
Ecology
1a.
Abiotic factors are:
Non–living factors
Such as:
Temperature,
humidity, pH,
salinity, oxygen
concentration,
amount of sunlight,
availability of
nitrogen and rainfall.
1b. Biotic factors are:
2. The dependent of organism on its
connections with all biotic and
abiotic factors.
Interdependence
Describe an example of interdependence.
Oak tree (acorns)
deer & mice more
ticks
3. As in all science,
you will note that
there are different
levels of
organization.
Name and
describe these
levels from largest
to smallest.
3a. Biosphere:
Part of the
environment
where life
exist.
3b. Ecosystem:
A community of
organizations and
their abiotic factors.
All organisms and
non-living
environment found
in a particular place.
3c. Community
A group of various species that live in the
same habitat that interact with each other.
d. Population:
A group of
organisms of the
same species
that live in a
particular area
and produces
fertile offspring.
e. Organism:
An independent individual that
possesses all characteristics of life.
Ecology of Organisms
Read pages 363 – 365
Note: That each organism is able to
survive within a limited range of
environmental condition such as:
light, moisture, salinity, and other
chemical factors.
1. Many time scientists will graph this
range to determine the organism’s:
tolerance curve
1a. Organisms can survive outside it
optimal (ideal) range, but its
performance is reduced.
b. Some organisms can adjust their
tolerance to abiotic factors in
the process known as:
Acclimation
2. Two ways organisms deal with changes in
their environment and give the term it
describes:
1.Control of Internal Conditions:
a. Organism that
do not regulate
their internal
conditions are
called
Conformers
1.Control of Internal Conditions:
Examples: Reptiles, fish, amphibians
Ectotherms
1b. Organisms that use energy to
control their internal conditions.
Regulators
ie. birds, mammals.
Endotherms
2. Escape from unsuitable conditions:
a.Dormancy: A state in which organism’s
metabolism rate slow down.
Includes both plants and animals.
b. Migration- movement of an organism
(population) from one location to
another.
3. The habitat
of an
organism is
the place
where an
organism
lives.
The specific role or way of life of an
organism within its environment is its:
Niche
http://kids.nationalgeogra
phic.com/kids/animals/cr
eaturefeature/red-eyedtree-frogs
This includes:
A range of
conditions the
organism can
tolerate, resources it
uses, how it obtains
these resources,
etc.
For example:
A Bird might use a tree for:
For example:
A Bird might use a tree for:
For example:
A Bird might use a tree for:
All have a different job
or niche within a tree.
Within this niche, you can have:
a. Species with a broad niche
and can tolerate a range of
conditions and uses a
variety of resources. They
are known as:
Generalists
b. A species within a narrow niche
is called:
Specialist
4. Can a species
have more
than one niche.
YES
4. Can a species have more than one niche.
Give an example:
Caterpillar/butterfly;
maggots/ flies
5. Why do different species never
occupy exactly the same niche?
It reduces competition for resources
The same niche, one
species will out-compete
the other, and eventually
the other species will be
eliminated.
6. If some of the resources in a habitat
are destroyed, which would be more
likely to survive, a generalist species
or a specialist species? Explain.
Generalist would be more likely
to survive a broader range of
resources. However, if the
resources that the specialist uses
is not affected, the survivorship
of the specialist will not be affected.
7. A small rodent species and a bird
species are adapted to cold
temperatures. How might each species
survive a major temperature increase?
A rodent: might be able to survive
increased temperatures by
becoming dormant or less
active during the heat of the
day.
A bird could migrate to an area with
cooler temperature.
Energy
Transfer
Read pages
366 – 369
1. To carry out essential functions
of life organisms need:
2. Explain how energy flows in an
ecosystem.
Sun  Autotroph  Heterotrophs
3. Autotrophs include organisms from the
kingdoms of bacteria, protista and plants.
They are known as:
P
r
o
d
u
c
e
r
s
4. How is productivity measured:
a. Gross primary productivity:
Rate at which producers capture
energy (light) by producing organic
compounds.
The organic material produced is
is called:
Biomass
(only energy stored as biomass
is available to other organisms.)
b. The rate at which biomass
accumulates is called:
Net primary productivity
Gross primary biomass – rate of respiration =
Net primary productivity
5. Heterotrophs get their energy by
eating other food are known as:
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
Consumers are groups according to what they eat:
a. Eats producers
Herbivores
b. Eats other consumers:
Carnivores
c. Eats producers and consumers:
Omnivores
d. Eats the wastes:
Detritivores
ie. recently died, fallen leaves,
and animal wastes.
- vultures, dung beetles, bacteria and
fungi.
e. Breaks down complex molecules.
into simpler molecules. They make
nutrients available again.
6. Trophic levels will indicate the
organism’s position in a sequence
of energy transfer.
The first trophic level is: Producers
The second trophic level is: Herbivores
The third trophic level is:
Predators
7. What is a
food chain?
It is a single
pathway of
feeding
relationships that
results in energy
transfer.
8. A food web is:
A diagram that shows the feeding
relationships among organisms in
an ecosystem.
9. Why doesn’t a food chain usually exceed
three or four levels?
About 10% of the total energy is
transferred
Ecosystem
Recycling
Read pages
371 – 374
1. Biogeochemical
cycles recycles
and reuses
substances such
as:
Water, carbon,
nitrogen,
calcium and
phosphorus.
2. The movement of water between
the reservoirs is called:
Water cycle
3. Name and describe
the three main
processes of this
cycle.
a. Evaporation:
Where water vapor
is released from
the surface of
bodies of water.
b. Transpiration:
Plants release
water vapor into
the air through
stomata.
c. Precipitation: Rain, snow, sleet, etc.
4. Carbon cycle involves what two
processes:
Photosynthesis
& Cellular respiration
Give a brief description of how the
carbon cycle works.
The carbon
dioxide and
water that is
released from
heterotrophs are
used by the
autotrophs.
Heterotrophs and decomposers release
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
5. We as humans also affect the
carbon cycle. Explain how.
We burn fossil fuel, clear burn fields
6. Nitrogen is released through the
ammonia compounds in the soil by
action of bacteria on decaying
matter.
Dead organism contain nitrogen as
proteins and nucleic acids. (also in urine
and dung) Name and describe the
different processes in the nitrogen cycle.
a. Ammonification: the formation of
process of nitrogen fixation. Bacteria
lives in a mutualistic relationship with
roots of some plants.
b. Nitrification: The process by which
nitrites and nitrates are produced by
bacteria in the soil.
c. Denitrification:
the release of
nitrogen from
nitrogencontaining
compounds by
bacteria in the
soil.
7. Phosphorus cycle is the movement
of phosphorus from the
environments to organisms by into
the environment. Where does the
phosphorus come from?
Phosphorus dissolves in the water and
soil when rocks erode. Plants absorb
this mineral. Some comes from waste
from organisms.
To Know:
Population, population
density, dispersion, birth
rate, death rate, life
expectancy, age structure,
growth rate, immigration,
emigration, limiting factor,
carrying capacity, densityindependent factors,
density-dependent
factors, inbreeding,
hunter-gatherer lifestyle,
agricultural revolution.
To Understand:
The size and density of a population is
dependent
densityindependent and
density dependent
factors.
Be Able to Do:
Name and describe three
properties of population.
Explain what dynamics can change
a population.
Compare and contrast densitydependent and densityindependent factors.
Explain how the size of the
population will affect possible
future generations.
1. Populations is a groups of organisms
of the same species that lives in a
given area. There are three
properties of population. Name and
describe each one.
a. Population size – number of organisms
that live in a given area.
(10km2 - 1km2)
b. Population density
Number of
individuals of
the same
species that
lives in a
given area.
3. Dispersion: Spatial (location)
a. Random
b. Uniform
c. Clump
2. The dynamics of population
depends upon:
a. Birth rate
2b. Death rate
2c. Life expectancy
3. The distribution of individuals
among different ages in a
population is called:
Age structure
What is happening in each of these
countries?
Younger
population, it
will be
growing.
Older
population, it
will be growing
slowly.
Decline
growth
Measuring Populations
Read pages 385 – 389
1. The amount by which a population’s
size changes in a given time is
known as:
Growth rate
1a. This depends upon:
Birth rate,
Death rate,
Immigration
Emigration.
1b. Other factors that might
influence the size of the
population include.
Limiting factor
Any factor
such as
space, that
restrains the
growth of a
population.
Carrying capacity
The number
of individuals
that
environment
can support
over a long
period of time.
As resources becomes less available, the
growth of a population slows or stops.
http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=e
Y-ltUIsnrQ
Carrying capacity can be a Limiting factor.
This is a factor that causes population growth
to decrease.
2. Two types of limiting factors
include:
Density-independent
factors: such as
weather, flood, fire
Density-dependent factors:
Shortage of food,
nestling sites, (This
occurs when the
population has
grown.)
Examples: Weather, natural disasters, seasonal
cycles, human activities.
http://oceandoctor.org/video-60minutes-anderson-cooper-and-davide-guggenheim-explore-cubas-coralreefs/
3. What causes population fluctuation?
If you remember our trophic levels,
number of consumers are dependent
upon:
Number of
organisms in
the tropic level
the beneath
them.
4. There is only a small population left of your
species. Example: there are about 200 Siberian
tiger left in the wild. What are some of the perils
of this organisms that could lead to extinction:
a. Independent factors
(weather, flood, fire)
b. Dependent factors
(availability of food)
5. What unknown factors might
make it hard to predict the
future size of the human
population in a country?
Floods, famines, food shortages.
Items such as immigration,
emigration, birth and death rates
can only be estimated but not
predicted with any certainty.
Human population Growth
Read pages 390 – 392
1. Name factors that
have contributed
to the rapid
growth of the
human population
from a huntergather lifestyle.
a. Agricultural
revolution
b. Better sanitation and hygiene
c. Control of diseases
2. How might vaccines against
diseases affect population growth
rates?
Lower the death
rate and therefore
increase growth
rate.
3. How is it possible for some countries with
low birth rates to have high rates of
population growth?
They could have
high rates of
immigration, a
large population
to start with, and/or
low death rate.
20-1 Species Interactions
Read pages 399-404
What is meant by Predation?
A statement between two species in
which one species, the predator,
feeds on the other species, the prey.
Natural selection is where organisms
that are better adapted to their
environment survive and reproduce
more successfully than less well
adapted organisms.
1. What is competition?
•Competing for the same
thing (mate, space, food, etc.)
Competition
After warm spring rains, large congregations of toads assemble and begin to competition
for mates. Males greatly outnumber their female counterparts and competition for females
is fierce. Males actively search for mates and engage in bouts of wrestling. Males can
have staked out territories and croak to attract the female. Their call can give some basic
information about the male. The lower sounding sounds give the information that the male
is large, a loud, intense call tell you that the male is energetic.
In interspecies competition, two
species compete for the same
resource.
Competitive exclusion:
Gause's Law, states that two species
that compete for the exact same
resources cannot stably coexist.
2. It is a type of relationship in which
two different organisms live in close
association with each other
•Symbiosis
3. Name, describe and give an example of
3 different types of this type of
relationship mentioned in question two.
a. Parasitism: relationship between 2
species where one benefits, and the other
is harmed.
Ex: Tapeworm
and Host
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/cou
rse/ent525/close/parasites.ht
ml
b. Mutualism: both benefit
•Ex: Ants/acacia: The ants protect
acacia from herbivores and cuts back
competing vegetation
c. Commensalism: one benefits, the other is
not affected
•Ex: Sea cucumber and crab
http://images.google.com/im
gres?imgurl=http://
4. Identify the ways the parasites are
similar to predators
They feed on other species
They both benefit while the host/prey is
harmed
5. Explain how two similar species of birds
could nest in the same tree yet occupy
different niches
• The species may
feed on different
food items. As
long as they do
not use the
resources in the
same way, they
have different
niches.
6. How does predation
on plants differ from
predation on animals,
in terms of the usual
effect on the prey?
•Predation upon
animals usually results
in death of the prey,
whereas predation on
plants often consumes
only part of the plant.
7. Species A and B have
the same niche. Species
A recently arrived in a
location where species
B previously lived and
carried a disease that
killed all members of
species B. Is this
situation an example of
competitive exclusion?
Explain your answer.
• No, because species B died off due to a
disease, not due to competition with
species A.
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=80AD68E0ABFD-4390-A6DC-6AC32238FEC0&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Patterns in Communities
Read pages 405-410
1. Species richness (number of species in a
community) is affected by the following:
a. Latitude: Name 2 reasons why
scientists believe this is so.
More available energy (sunlight) to
support organisms.
Older habitat- stable climate which
allows the species to specialize.
b. Habitat size: How does the size affect the
number of species?
•Larger area, usually contains a
greater diversity of habitats and can
support more species
c. Species interaction: Explain how
removing one species can affect the rest
of the community.
Removal of a species might allow another
species to take over and crowd out other
species.
d. Community stability: Explain how a
disturbance can affect species richness
• Things like droughts, floods, fires,
volcanoes, earthquakes, and violent
storms can affect the amount of organisms
in an area.
2. Explain the difference between primary
and secondary succession
• Primary- Development of a community in
an area that has not supported
life previously
Ex; Bare rock,
or island formed by
volcanic
eruption
a. Usually bare rock,
sand dunes, islands
from volcanic rock.
b. Proceeds slowly,
because the soil is too
thin or lacks minerals to
support growth.
c. Starts with lichen, which
breaks down rocks.
• Secondary- replacement of species that
follows disruption of an existing
community.
• Ground: Soil is already present (after fire, storm,
etc.)
• The original ecosystem returns. (weeds, from
seeds, etc.
• Takes about 100 years
from perennial grasses,
shrubs, dogwoods,
to deciduous forest.
3. What is a pioneer species?
• The species of organisms that
predominate early in succession.
•Ex: Mosses
4. What is a climax community?
• A community that, after a process of
ecological succession, has reached a
generally stable state.
http://oceandoctor.org/video-60-minutesanderson-cooper-and-david-eguggenheim-explore-cubas-coral-reefs/
Why Recycle?
GOOD Magazine Totes are Hot.mp4
The END!