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Answers to Review Questions Chapter 24 Review Questions Page 105 1 Sketch the following tissues in the boxes below: parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclereids, epidermal cells, stomata and guard cells, periderm, vascular bundle with xylem, and vascular bundle with phloem. The drawings will vary. See lab book diagrams for confirmation. 2 Compare and contrast xylem and phloem. In plants the xylem carries water and the phloem carries organic nutrients (food). 3 Why was the evolution of vascular tissue important to plants conquering the land? The evolution of vascular tissue allowed land plants to have an efficient system of distributing water and nutrients. Also, the plants gained support. 4 Describe the arrangement of vascular bundles in eudicots and monocots. In eudicots, the vascular bundles form a ring around the outside of the stem. In both the eudicots and the monocots, the phloem faces outward and the xylem faces inward. In most monocots (except some grasses with a ground tissue cavity, such as wheat), the vascular bundles are spread throughout the ground tissue. 5 Compare and contrast the roots, stems, and leaves of eudicots and monocots. Roots: In the fibrous root system found in monocots, the primary root is poorly developed, and the secondary roots are well developed. The primary root is well developed in eudicots. Stems: In monocots the stem vascular bundles are scattered, and in eudicots the stem vascular bundles form a ring shape around the stem. Leaves: In monocots, there are usually a number of major leaf veins that run parallel to the length of the leaf; in eudicots, the leaves have netted venation. 6 What are several functions of roots? Roots are plant organs that evolved to anchor and support a plant, absorb water and necessary minerals, store food, and produce growth-stimulating hormones. The majority of the root system is found underground, although some plants, such as the tropical fig, possess extensive aerial roots. 7 Label the following root micrographs. 1. Remnants of epidermis 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis 4. Phloem 5. Xylem 1. Epidermis 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis 4. Xylem 5. Phloem 8 Name and describe three types of specialized roots. Prop roots help to anchor and brace the plant against wind. Dodder (Cuscuta sp.) possesses parasitic roots called haustoria that parasitize a host plant. Some members of the pumpkin family (Curcurbitaceae spp.) that live in dry climates produce large water storage roots. Certain species of figs and swamp trees, such as the tupelo and bald cypress, have expanded buttress roots for stability in wet environments. 9 Sketch a woody twig, and label the following structures: terminal bud, lenticels, node, internode, terminal bud scale scars, axillary bud, leaf scar. 10 Name and describe three types of specialized stems. Rhizomes are a type of modified stem in which the stem grows horizontally below the ground, resembling a root. The rhizome may be slender, as in some grasses and ferns, or a thick structure, as in some irises. Some plants possess runners and stolons. Runners are similar to rhizomes except that they are above ground. Strawberry plants produce runners after they flower. In philodendrons, runners can be seen giving rise to new plants spilling from a basket. Tubers are swollen extensions of stolons, modified to store carbohydrates. The Irish potato is an example of a tuber. The eyes of the potato are actually axillary buds. 11 Label the following stem micrographs. 1. Bark 2. Annual ring 3. Ray 4. Springwood 5. Pith 6. Summerwood 7. Wood 1. Vascular bundles 2. Pith 3. Cortex 4. Epidermis 5. Xylem 6. Phloem 12 Sketch a leaf, and describe its phyllotaxy. The arrangement of leaves on a stem is the phyllotaxy. In plants with opposite leaf attachment, such as dogwood and maple, two leaves are attached at each node. In alternate leaf arrangement, such as in poplar and aspen, a single leaf appears at each node. Most plants have the alternate leaf arrangement. In whorled leaf arrangement, as in bedstraw and oleander, three or more leaves are attached at a single node. 13 Describe and sketch several types of leaf venation. Sketches will vary. The veins of a leaf are composed of vascular tissue. In basal dicots and eudicots, the veins are arranged in a netted or reticulate pattern. Pinnately veined leaves, such as in apple and cabbage, have one prominent primary vein, or midrib, and secondary veins branch off the midrib. In palmately veined leaves, such as in sycamore and sweetgum, several primary veins branch out from a single point. Monocots, such as corn and sugarcane, have parallel venation, in which the veins are arranged nearly parallel to each other. Interestingly, Ginkgo biloba has no midrib and the veins fork out from the base of the blade. Ginkgo leaves exhibit dichotomous venation. 14 Name and describe three types of specialized leaves. Thick, water-retaining succulent leaves, such as aloe, jade tree, and yuccas, can be found in plants from arid regions to salty seashores. The spines of cacti, effective defenses, are actually modified leaves that evolved to conserve water. Bracts are specialized leaves at the base of a flower. The brightly colored bracts of poinsettia are popular at Christmas. The obvious white or pink bracts of dogwood resemble flower petals. 15 Describe the orientation of xylem and phloem in roots, stems, and leaves. Roots—in eudicots, the xylem is star shaped with several radiating arms. The phloem is located between the radiating arms. In monocots, ground tissue forms the pith, centrally located. Vascular tissue is located in bundles in a ring surrounding the pith, with the xylem oriented exteriorly and the phloem oriented interiorly. Stems—in both the eudicots and the monocots, the phloem faces outward and the xylem faces inward. Leaves—the veins of a leaf are composed of xylem on the top side of a vein and phloem on the bottom side of a vein. 16 Label these micrographs of leaves. 1. Palisade mesophyll 2. Spongy mesophyll 3. Leaf vein (midrib) 4. Trichome 1. Bundle caps (fibers) 2. Ground tissue 3. Epidermis 4. Vascular bundle 5. Xylem