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Glencoe Science Chapter Resources Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Includes: Reproducible Student Pages ASSESSMENT TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES ✔ Chapter Tests ✔ Section Focus Activity ✔ Chapter Review ✔ Teaching Transparency Activity ✔ Assessment Transparency Activity HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES ✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Teacher Support and Planning ✔ Laboratory Activities ✔ Content Outline for Teaching ✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet ✔ Spanish Resources ✔ Teacher Guide and Answers MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery ✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish ✔ Reinforcement ✔ Enrichment ✔ Note-taking Worksheets Glencoe Science Photo Credits Section Focus Transparency 1: Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Section Focus Transparency 2: Hulton Getty Section Focus Transparency 3: James L. Amos/CORBIS Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-866073-4 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 067 08 07 06 05 04 Table of Contents To the Teacher Reproducible Student Pages ■ iv Hands-On Activities MiniLab Modeling an Aluminum Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MiniLab: Try At Home A Personal Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Lab A Periodic Table of Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lab: Use the Internet What’s in a name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Laboratory Activity 1 Chemical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Laboratory Activity 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Foldables: Reading and Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ■ Meeting Individual Needs Extension and Intervention Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ■ Assessment Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ■ Transparency Activities Section Focus Transparency Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Teacher Support and Planning Content Outline for Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T2 Spanish Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T5 Teacher Guide and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T9 Additional Assessment Resources available with Glencoe Science: • • • • • • • • • ExamView® Pro TestMaker Assessment Transparencies Performance Assessment in the Science Classroom Standardized Test Practice Booklet MindJogger Videoquizzes Vocabulary PuzzleMaker at: gpscience.com Interactive Chalkboard The Glencoe Science Web site at: gpscience.com An interactive version of this textbook along with assessment resources are available online at: mhln.com iii Reproducible Student Pages Reproducible Student Pages ■ Hands-On Activities MiniLab Modeling an Aluminum Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MiniLab: Try at Home Organizing a Personal Periodic Table . . . . . . . . 4 Lab A Periodic Table of Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lab: Use the Internet What’s in a name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Laboratory Activity 1 Chemical Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Laboratory Activity 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope . . . . . . . . 13 Foldables: Reading and Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ■ Meeting Individual Needs Extension and Intervention Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ■ Assessment Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ■ Transparency Activities Section Focus Transparency Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 1 Hands-On Activities Hands-On Activities 2 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Date Class Hands-On Activities Name Modeling an Aluminum Atom Procedure 1. Arrange thirteen 3-cm circles cut from orange paper and fourteen 3-cm circles cut from blue paper on a flat surface to represent the nucleus of an atom. Each orange circle represents one proton, and each blue circle represents one neutron. 2. Position two holes punched from red paper about 20 cm from your nucleus. 3. Position eight punched holes about 40 cm from your nucleus. 4. Position three punched holes about 60 cm from your nucleus. Analysis 1. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does an aluminum atom have? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Explain how your circles model an aluminum atom. 3. Explain why your model does not accurately represent the true size and distances in an aluminum atom. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 3 Name Date Class Procedure 1. Collect as many of the following items as you can find: feather, penny, container of water, pencil, dime, strand of hair, container of milk, container of orange juice, square of cotton cloth, nickel, crayon, quarter, container of soda, golf ball, sheet of paper, baseball, marble, leaf, and paper clip. 2. Organize these items into several columns based on their similarities to create your own periodic table. Put your table below in the Data and Observations section. Data and Observations Analysis 1. Explain the system you used to group your items. 2. Were there any items on the list that did not fit into any of your columns? 3. Infer how your activity modeled Mendeleev’s work in developing the periodic table of the elements. 4 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Organizing a Personal Periodic Table Name Date Class Hands-On Activities A Periodic Table of Foods Lab Preview Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 1. What catagories might you use to organize your periodic table of foods? 2. What is a “family” in the Periodic Table? Mendeleev’s task of organizing a collection of loosely related items probably seemed daunting at first. Real-World Question How will using your favorite foods to create your own periodic table be similar to the task that Mendeleev had? Materials Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 ✕ 17 paper 12- or 18-inch ruler colored pencils or markers Goals ■ ■ ■ Organize 20 of your favorite foods into a periodic table of foods. Analyze and evaluate your periodic table for similar characteristics among groups or family members on your table. Infer where new foods added to your table would be placed. Procedure 1. List 20 of your favorite foods and drinks. 2. Describe basic characteristics of each of your food and drink items. For example, you might describe the primary ingredient, nutritional value, taste, and color of each item. You also could identify the food group of each item such as fruits/vegetables, grains, dairy products, meat, and sweets. 3. Create a data table to organize the information that you collect. 4. Using your data table, construct a periodic table of foods on your 11 ✕ 17 sheet of paper. Determine which characteristics you will use to group your items. Create families (columns) of food and drink items that share similar characteristics on your table. For example, potato chips, pretzels, and cheese-flavored crackers could be combined into a family of salty tasting foods. Create as many groups as you need, and you do not need to have the same number of items in every family. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 5 Name Date Class (continued) 1. Evaluate the characteristics you used to make the groups on your periodic table. Do the characteristics of each group adequately describe all the family members? Do the characteristics of each group distinguish its family members from the family members of other groups? 2. Analyze the reasons why some items did not fit easily into a group. 3. Infer why chemists have not created a periodic table of compounds. Communicating Your Data Construct a bulletin board of the periodic table of foods created by the class. How are the tables similar? 6 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Conclude and Apply Name Date Class Use the Internet Hands-On Activities What’s in a name? The symbols used for different elements sometimes are easy to figure out. After all, it makes sense for the symbol for carbon to be C and the symbol for nitrogen to be N. However, some symbols aren’t as easy to figure out. For example, the element silver has the symbol Ag. This symbol comes from the Latin word for silver, Argentum. Real-World Question Test Your Hypothesis How are symbols and names chosen for elements? Make a Plan Goals 1. Make a list of particular elements you wish to study. 2. Compare and contrast these elements’ names to their symbols. 3. Research the discovery of these elements. Do their names match their symbols? Were they named after a property of the element, a person, their place of discovery, or a system of nomenclature? What was that system? ■ ■ ■ ■ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ■ Research the names and symbols of various elements. Study the methods that are used to name elements and how they have changed through time. Organize your data by making your own periodic table. Study the history of certain elements and their discoveries. Create a table of your findings and communicate them to other students. Data Source SCIENCEOnline Visit gpscience.com/ internet_lab for more information on naming elements, elements’ symbols, and the discovery of new elements, and for data from other students. Follow Your Plan 1. Make sure your teacher approves your plan before you start. 2. Visit the Web site provided for links to different sites about elements, their history, and how they were named. 3. Research these elements. 4. Carefully, record your data in the table on the next page. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 7 Name Date Class (continued) Element Symbol Does the symbol match the name? Named for/according to Analyze Your Data 1. Record how the symbols for your elements were chosen. What were your elements named after? 2. Make a periodic table that includes the research information on your elements that you found. 3. Make a chart of your class’s findings. Sort the chart by year of discovery for each element. 4. How are the names and symbols for newly discovered elements chosen? Make a chart that shows how the newly discovered elements will be named. Draw Conclusions 1. Compare your findings to those of your classmates. Did anyone’s data differ for the same element? Were all the elements in the periodic table covered? 2. Explain the system that is used to name the newly discovered elements today. 3. Explain Some elements were assigned symbols based on their name in another language. Do these examples occur for elements discovered today or long ago? Communicating Your Data SCIENCEOnline Find this lab using the link gpscience.com/internet_lab. Post your data in the table provided. Compare your data to those of other students. Combine your data with those of other students to complete your periodic table with all of the elements. 8 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Data and Observations Date 1 Laboratory Activities Class Chemical Activity The atoms of most chemical elements can either gain or lose electrons during reactions. Elements whose atoms lose electrons during reactions are classified as metals. Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table of elements. The tendency of an element to react chemically is called activity. The activity of a metal is a measure of how easily the metal atom loses electrons. Strategy You will observe chemical reactions between metals and solutions containing ions of metals. You will compare the activities of different metals. You will rank the metals by their activities. Materials 96-well microplate nickel nitrate solution, Ni(NO3)2aq white paper zinc nitrate solution, Zn(A)(NO3)2aq plastic microtip pipette 8 1-mm ✕ 10-mm strips of each: distilled water aluminum, Al; copper, Cu; iron, Fe; aluminum nitrate solution, Al(NO3)3aq magnesium, Mg; nickel, Ni; and Zinc, Zn copper(II) nitrate solution, Cu(NO3) 2aq paper towels iron(II) nitrate solution, Fe(NO3)3aq hand lens or magnifier magnesium nitrate solution Mg(NO3)2aq CAUTION: Many of these solutions are poisonous. Avoid inhaling any vapors from the solutions. These solutions can cause stains. Avoid contacting them with your skin or clothing. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Procedure 1. Place the microplate on a piece of paper on a flat surface. Have the numbered columns of the microplate at the top and the lettered rows at the left. 2. Using the microtip pipette, place 15 drops of the aluminum nitrate solution in each of the wells A1–G1. Rinse the pipette with distilled water. 3. Place 15 drops of copper nitrate solution in each of wells A2–G2 using the pipette. Rinse the pipette with distilled water. 4. Repeat step 1 for each of the remaining solutions. Add the iron nitrate solution to wells A3–G3, the magnesium nitrate solution to wells A4–G4, the nickel nitrate solution to wells A5–G5, the zinc nitrate solution to wells A6–G6. Leave the wells in column 7 empty. 5. Carefully clean each metal strip with a paper towel. 6. Place one strip of aluminum in each of the wells A1–A7. 7. Place one strip of copper in each of the wells B1–B7. 8. Repeat step 5 for the remaining metals. Add the iron strips to wells C1–C7, the magnesium strips to wells D1–D7, the nickel strips to wells E1–E7, and the zinc strips to wells F1–F7. Do not put strips in the wells in row G. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 9 Hands-On Activities Name Name Date Class Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Al B Cu C Fe D Mg E Ni F Zn Look for the appearance of deposited materials in the bottom of the well. Each change of appearance of deposits is an indication that a chemical reaction has taken place. 12. If you see an indication of a reaction, draw a positive sign (+) in the corresponding well of the microplate shown in Figure 2 in the Data and Observations section. If you see no indication of a reaction, draw a negative sign (–) in the corresponding well of Figure 2. G (N )2 O3 (N Zn )2 O3 (N Ni )2 3 NO g( M )3 O3 (N Fe )2 O3 (N Cu )3 O3 Al Figure 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 9. Figure 1 shows the metal and the solution that are in each of the wells A1–G7. 10. Wait ten minutes. 11. Use a hand lens or magnifier to observe the contents of each well. Look for a change in the color of the solution in each well by comparing it with the color of the solution in well G at the bottom of the column. Look for a change in the texture or color of the metal strip in each well by comparing it with the piece of metal in well 7 near the end of that row. B C D E F G Data and Observations Count the number of positive signs in each row of wells in Figure 2. Record the value under the corresponding metal in Table 1. Table 1 Metal Al Number of reactions 10 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Cu Fe Mg Ni Zn Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Figure 1 Name Date Class Hands-On Activities Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) Questions and Conclusions 1. Why were solutions but no strips of metal placed in wells G1–G7? 2. Why were strips of metal but no solutions added to wells A7–G7? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. Why did you clean the metal strips with the paper towel? 4. Using the number of reactions for each metal in Table 1, rank the metals from the most active to the least active. Strategy Check Can you determine whether or not a solution is active? Can you put metals in order based on their activities? Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 11 Date 2 Laboratory Activity Class Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different atomic masses. These different masses are a result of having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Isotopes can be stable or unstable (radioactive). Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei that break down in a process called radioactive decay. During this process, the radioactive isotope is transformed into another, usually more stable, element. The amount of time it takes half the atoms of a radioactive isotope in a particular sample to change into another element is its half-life. A half-life can be a fraction of a second for one isotope or more than a billion years for another isotope, but it is always the same for any particular isotope. Strategy You will make a model that illustrates the half-life of an imaginary isotope. You will graph and interpret data of the isotope’s half-life. Materials 100 pennies plastic container with lid timer or clock with second hand colored pencils Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Procedure 1. Place 100 pennies, each head-side up, into the container. Each penny represents an atom of an unstable isotope. 2. Place the lid securely on the container. Holding the container level, shake it vigorously for 20 seconds. 3. Set the conyainer on the table and take off the lid. Remove only the pennies that are now in a tails-up position. 4. Count the pennies you have removed and record this number in Table 1 under Trial 1. Also record the number of heads-up pennies that are left. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until there are no pennies left in the container. 6. Repeat steps 1 through 5 and record your data in Table 1 under Trial 2. 7. Calculate the averages for each time period and record these numbers in Table 1. 8. Graph the average data from Table 1 on Graph 1. Use one colored pencil to graph the number of heads-up pennies against time. Make a key for the graph that shows this color as Radioactive Isotopes. Using a different color of pencil, plot the number of tails-up pennies against time. In your key, show this color as Stable Atoms. 9. Record your averages from Table 1 again in Table 2 under Group 1. 10. Then, record the averages obtained by other groups in your class in Table 2. 11. Determine the totals for the combined data from all groups in Table 2. 12. Graph this combined data in Graph 2 in the same way as you graphed your group’s data in step 8. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 13 Hands-On Activities Name Name Date Class Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) Table 1 Trial 1 Shaking time Trial 2 A B C Number of heads-up remaining Number of tails-up removed Number of heads-up remaining Averages D Number of Columns Columns tails-up A and C (H) B and D (T) removed After 20 s After 40 s After 60 s After 80 s After 100 s After 120 s After 140 s Table 2 Start Group Average H* T* Group 1 100 0 Group 2 100 0 Group 3 100 0 Group 4 100 0 Group 5 100 0 Group 6 100 0 Group 7 100 0 Group 8 100 0 20 s H T Totals *Note: H = heads, T = tails 14 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 40 s H T 60 s H T 80 s H T 100 s 120 s 140 s H H H T T T Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Data and Observations Name Date Class Hands-On Activities Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) Graph 1 140 130 120 110 Time (s) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Number of heads or tails 140 130 120 110 100 Time (s) Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Graph 2 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 0 1 00 15 0 2 00 2 50 3 00 35 0 4 00 4 50 50 0 5 50 60 0 65 0 70 0 75 0 80 0 Number of heads or tails Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 15 Name Date Class Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) 1. In this model, what represented the process of radioactive decay? 2. Which side of the penny represented the unstable isotope? Which side represented the stable atom? 3. In this model, what was the half-life of the pennies. Explain. 4. What can you conclude about the total number of atoms that decay during any half-life period of the pennies? 5. Why are more accurate results obtained when the data from all groups was combined and graphed? 6. If your half-life model had decayed perfectly, how many atoms of the radioactive isotope should have been left after 80 seconds? 7. If you started with 256 radioactive pennies, how many would be stable after 60 seconds? Strategy Check Can you make a model that illustrates the half-life of an imaginary isotope? Can you graph and interpret data of the isotope’s half-life? 16 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hands-On Activities Questions and Conclusions Name Date Class Hands-On Activities Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter. Atoms Know Want Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Learned 8 O Oxygen 15.999 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 17 Meeting Individual Needs Meeting Individual Needs 18 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Name Date Directed ContentReading for MasteryMastery Content Class Overview Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. Terms can be used more than once. protons periodic table electrons neutrons have a mass number equal to the sum of are made up of 1. and Meeting Individual Needs Atoms are organized as elements in the 5. 4. 2. and Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 6. 3. Directions: complete the following sentences by underlining the correct words in parentheses. 7. An element is matter that is composed of one type of (atom/quark). 8. The unit of measurement used for atomic particles is the (atom size/atomic mass unit). 9. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called (isotopes/electron clouds). 10. In the periodic table, elements are arranged by increasing atomic (power/number). 11. An electron dot diagram uses the symbol of an element and dots to represent the (quarks/electrons) in the outer energy level. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 19 Name Date Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 ■ Section 2 ■ Class Structure of the Atom Masses of Atoms Directions: Use the terms below to complete the following paragraphs about atoms , atomic mass, and isotopes. Terms may be used more than once. six number electrons isotopes electron cloud neutron(s) proton(s) mass quarks six protons The electron has very little mass compared to the 1. ________________ or many 3. ________________ and 4. ________________ it has. The sum of the protons and neutrons is the mass 5. ________________ of an atom. The number of neutrons in an atom can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the 6. ________________ number. The mass of the atom is so small that there is a measure called the atomic 7. ________________ unit designated by amu. 8. ________________ and 9. ________________ make up the nucleus and are made up of 10. ________________. There are 11. ________________ uniquely different quarks. 12. ________________ are found in an area around the nucleus called the 13. ________________. The nuclei of all atoms of a given element always have the same number of 14. ________________. They will also have the same number of 15. ________________ around the nucleus. Some atoms may have more or fewer 16. ________________ than will other atoms of the same element. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called 17. ________________. Every atom of carbon must contain 18. ________________ but some contain six neutrons and others have eight neutrons. 20 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs 2. ________________. The mass of the atom depends on the nucleus and how Name Date Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 3 ■ Class The Periodic Table Periodic Table of the Elements Key 1 2 3 4 H Hydrogen 1.008 2 3 4 7 Carbon 12.011 2 13 14 15 16 5 6 7 8 He 17 Helium 4.003 9 10 Li Be Beryllium 9.0122 B C N O F Ne Boron 10.81 Carbon 12.011 Nitrogen 14.007 Oxygen 15.999 Fluorine 18.998 Neon 20.180 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Al Si P S Cl Ar Aluminum 26.98 Silicon 28.086 Phosphorus 30.974 Sulfur 32.06 Chlorine 35.453 Argon 39.948 Na Mg Sodium 22.990 Magnesium 24.305 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Iron 55.847 Cobalt 58.9332 Nickel 58.693 Copper 63.546 Zinc 65.39 Gallium 69.72 Germanium 72.61 Arsenic 74.922 Selenium 78.96 Bromine 79.904 Krypton 83.80 K Ca Sc Ti V Potassium 39.098 Calcium 40.078 Scandium 44.956 Titanium 47.88 Vanadium 50.94 38 39 40 Sr Y Zr Nb Strontium 87.62 Yttrium 88.9059 Zirconium 91.224 Niobium 92.91 57 56 La Cs Ba Cesium 132.905 Barium 137.327 Lanthanum 138.906 Chromium Manganese 51.996 54.938 41 Rb Rubidium 85.468 55 6 C Lithium 6.941 37 5 18 Atomic number Element's symbol Element's name Atomic mass 6 1 72 42 43 44 Mo Tc Ru Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium 97.907 101.07 95.94 73 74 75 76 45 47 31 48 32 33 36 49 50 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Palladium 106.42 Silver 107.868 Cadmium 112.41 Indium 114.82 Tin 118.710 Antimony 121.757 Tellurium 127.60 Iodine 126.904 Xenon 131.29 83 52 35 Rh 80 51 34 Rhodium 102.906 77 46 12 84 53 54 78 79 81 82 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Hafnium 178.49 Tantalum 180.95 Tungsten 183.85 Rhenium 186.207 Osmium 190.2 Iridium 192.22 Platinum 195.08 Gold 196.967 Mercury 200.59 Thallium 204.383 Lead 207.2 Bismuth 208.98 Polonium 208.982 Astatine 209.987 85 Radon 222.018 86 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo Francium 223.020 Radium 226.025 Ac Actinium 227.028 Rutherfordium (261) Dubnium (262) Seaborgium (263) Bohrium (262) Hassium (265) Meitnerium (266) Ununnilium (269) Unununium (272) Unumbium (277) Ununquadium (285) Ununhexium (289) Ununodium (293) Rare-Earth Elements 58 Lanthanide Series Ce Cerium 104.115 90 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Actinide Series 59 60 61 62 Pr Nd Pm Sm Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium 150.36 63 64 Eu Gd Europium Gadolinium 151.965 157.25 140.908 144.24 144.913 91 92 93 94 95 Np Pu Am Th Pa U Thorium 232.038 Protactinium 231.036 Uranium 238.029 Neptunium Plutonium Americium 237.048 244.064 243.061 96 Cm Curium 247.070 65 Tb Terbium 158.925 66 67 Dy Ho Dysprosium Holmium 162.50 164.93 68 69 70 71 Er Tm Yb Lu Erbium 167.26 Thulium 168.934 Ytterbium 173.04 Lutetium 174.967 97 98 99 100 101 102 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium 247.070 251.080 252.083 257.095 259.101 258.099 103 Lr Lawrencium 260.105 Directions: Use the periodic table above to answer the following questions. 1. List two types of information that are given in each box of this periodic table. a. b. 2. In this table, where are the metals located? 3. Where are the nonmetals located? 4. What are the elements in Groups 3 through 12 called? 5. What are the elements called that are next to the stairstep-shaped line on the right side of the table? 6. What do we call the letter or letters that represents an element? 7. How many elements are included in the modern periodic table? 8. What name is given to the elements in Group 18? Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 21 Meeting Individual Needs 1—New designation Name Date Directed Reading for Content Mastery Class Key Terms Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Directions: Match the term in Column II with the definition in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in the blank at the left. Column I 1. sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 3. positively charged center of an atom 4. vertical column in the periodic table 5. neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom 6. weighted average mass of the mixture of its isotopes a. nucleus b. electrons c. protons d. neutrons e. quark f. atomic number g. mass number 7. positively charged particles in an atom 8. table of the elements arranged according to repeated changes in properties 9. represents the electrons in the outer energy level of an element h. isotope i. average atomic mass j. electron cloud 10. negatively charged particles in an atom k. periodic table 11. atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons l. atom 12. number of protons in an atom’s nucleus m. atomic mass unit 13. horizontal row in the periodic table n. group 14. smallest known particle that makes up protons and neutrons o. electron dot diagram 15. the smallest peice of matter that still retains the properties of the element p. period 16. developed an early periodic chart 17. approximately 1.67 ✕ 10-24g 22 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table q. Dmitri Mendeleev Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs 2. region around the nucleus where the electrons are found Column II Nombre Fecha Lectura Contentdirigida para Mastery del contenido Dominio Clase Sinopsis Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica Instrucciones: Completa el mapa conceptual usando los siguientes términos. protones tabla periódica electrones neutrones están compuestos de 1. y están organizados como elementos en la Satisface las necesidades individuales Átomos tienen número de masa igual a la suma de 5. 4. 2. y Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. y 6. 3. Instrucciones: Completa las siguientes oraciones subrayando la palabra correcta en paréntesis. 7. Un elemento es materia compuesta de más de un tipo de (átomos/quarks). 8. La unidad de medida para las partículas atómicas es la(el) (tamaño atómico/masa unitaria atómica). 9. Los átomos del mismo elemento que tienen distintos números de neutrones se llaman (isótopos/nubes electrónicas). 10. En la tabla periódica los elementos se ordenan según el número creciente de (power/number). 11. Un diagrama de puntos electrónicos usa el símbolo del elemento y puntos para representar los (quarks/electrones) en el nivel externo de energía. Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica 23 Nombre Fecha Lectura dirigida para Clase Sección 1 ■ Sección 2 ■ Dominio del contenido Estructura atómica Masa atómica Instrucciones: Usa los términos para completar los párrafos acerca de los átomos, la masa atómica y los isótopos. Puedes usar los términos más de una vez. seis número electrones isótopos nube electrónica neutrón(es) protón(es) masa quarks seis protones tiene muy poca masa. La masa del átomo depende del núcleo y de cuántos 3. ________________ y 4. ________________tiene. La suma de la masa de los protones y los neutrones es el(la) 5. ________________ de masa de un átomo. El número de neutrones en un átomo se encuentra restando el número atómico del número de 6. ________________. La masa de un átomo es tan pequeña que existe una medida llamada unidad de 7. _________ atómica, denominada uma. Los 8. ________________ y 9. ________________ componen el núcleo y están formados por 10. ________________. Hay 11. ________________ quarks diferentes. Los 12. ________________ se encuentran en un área alrededor del núcleo llamada 13. ________________. El núcleo de todos los átomos de un elemento siempre tiene el mismo número de 14. ________________. También tiene el mismo número de 15. ________________alrededor del núcleo. Algunos átomos pueden tener más o menos 16. ________________ que los demás átomos del mismo elemento. Los átomos del mismo elemento que tienen distinto número de neutrones se llaman 17. ________________. Cada átomo de carbono debe contener 18. ________________, pero algunos contienen seis neutrones y otros tienen ocho neutrones. 24 Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Satisface las necesidades individuales Comparado con el 1. ________________o el 2. ________________, el electrón Nombre Fecha Sección 3 Lectura dirigida para Clase La tabla periódica ■ Dominio del contenido Tabla periódica de elementos Clave 1 2 3 4 5 6 H Hidrógeno 1.00794 2 3 4 Li Be Litio 6.941 Berilio 9.0122 C Carbono 12.011 2 13 14 15 16 17 5 6 7 8 9 He Helio 4.003 10 B C N O F Ne Boron 10.81 Carbono 12.011 Nitrógeno 14.007 Oxígeno 15.999 Flúor 18.998 Neón 20.179 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P S Cl Ar Magnesio 24.305 4 Si Sodio 22.990 3 Al Aluminum 26.98 Silicio 28.086 Fósforo 30.974 Azufre 32.06 Cloro 35.453 Argón 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Potasio 39.098 Calcio 40.08 Escandio 44.956 Titanio 47.88 Vanadio 50.94 Cromio 51.996 Manganesio 54.938 Hierro 55.847 Cobalt 58.9332 Nickel 58.99 Copper 63.546 Zinc 65.39 Gallium 69.72 Germanio 72.59 Arsénico 74.922 Selenio 78.96 Bromo 79.904 Criptón 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Rubidio 85.468 Estroncio 87.62 Itrio 88.9059 Circonio 91.224 Niobio 92.91 Molibdeno 95.94 Tecnecio 97.907 Rutenio 101.07 Rodio 102.996 Paladio 106.42 Plata 107.868 Cadmio 112.41 Indio 114.82 Estaño 118.710 Antimonio 121.757 Telurio 127.60 Yodo 126.904 Xenón 131.29 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cesio 132.905 Bario 137.327 Lantano 1.00794 Hafnio 178.49 Tántalo 180.95 Tungsteno 183.85 Renio 186.207 Osmio 190.2 Iridio 192.22 Platino 195.08 Oro 196.967 Mercurio 200.59 Talio 204.383 Plomo 207.2 Bismuto 208.98 Polonio 209.982 Astato 209.987 Radón 222.018 87 7 18 Número atómico Símbolo del elemento Nombre del elemento Masa atómica 6 1 88 89 106 107 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo Francio 223.020 Radio 226.025 Actinio 227.028 Ruterfordio (261) 104 Dubnio (262) 105 Seaborgio (263) Borio (264) Hasio (265) 108 Meltnerio (266) 109 Ununnlio (269) 110 Ununumio (272) 111 Unumbio (277) 112 Ununquadio (285) 114 Ununhexio (289) 116 Ununodio (293) 118 Elementos tierras raras 58 Serie de los lantánidos Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Serie de los actínidos 68 69 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Cerio 104.115 Praseodimio 59 Neodimio 144.24 Promecio 144.913 Samario 150.36 Europio 151.965 Gadolinio 157.25 Terbio 158.925 Disprosio 162.50 Holmio 164.93 Erbio 167.26 Tulio 168.934 Iterbio 173.04 Lutecio 174.967 103 140.908 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Torio 232.038 Protactinio 231.036 Uranio 238.029 Neptunio 237.048 Plutonio 244.064 Americio 243.061 Curio 247.070 Berkelio 247.070 Californio 251.080 Einsteinio 252.083 Fermio 257.095 Mendelevio 258.099 Nobelio 259.101 Laurencio 260.105 Instrucciones: Usa la tabla periódica para contestar las siguientes preguntas. Escribe tus respuestas en las líneas después de cada pregunta. 1. Nombra dos tipos de información que da cada cuadro de la tabla periódica. a. b. 2. ¿En qué parte de la tabla se localizan los metales? 3. ¿Dónde se localizan los no metales? 4. ¿Qué nombre se les da a los elementos de los grupos del 3 al 12? 5. ¿Qué nombre se le da a los elementos que se encuentran al lado de la línea que parece formar gradas a la derecha de la tabla? 6. ¿Qué nombre se le da a la letra o letras que representan cada elemento? 7. ¿Cuántos elementos están incluidos en la tabla periódica moderna? 8. ¿Qué nombre se le da a los elementos del grupo 18? Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica 25 Satisface las necesidades individuales 1—Designación nueva Nombre Fecha Lectura dirigida para Dominio del contenido Clase Términos claves Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica Instrucciones: Relaciona cada término de la Columna II con su definición en la Columna I. Escribe la letra del término correcto en los espacios de la izquierda Columna II Columna I 1. suma del número de protones y neutrones en el núcleo 3. centro de carga positiva de un átomo 4. columna vertical en la tabla periódica 5. partículas neutrales en el núcleo de un átomo 6. masa promedio ponderada de la mezcla de sus isótopos b. electrones c. protones d. neutrones e. quark f. número atómico g. número de masa 7. partícula de carga positiva en un átomo 8. tabla de los elementos organizada según cambios repetidos en las propiedades 9. representa los electrones en el nivel de energía más externo de un átomo 10. partículas de carga negativa del átomo 11. átomos del mismo elemento que tienen números diferentes de neutrones 12. número de protones en el núcleo de un átomo 13. fila horizontal de la tabla periódica 14. la partícula más pequeña que compone los protones y neutrones 15. la cantidad más pequeña de materia que retiene las mismas propiedades del elemento 16. desarrolló una antigua tabla periódica 17. aproximadamente 1.67 × 10 g h. isótopo i. masa atómica promedio j. nube electrónica k. tabla periódica l. átomo m. unidad de masa atómica n. grupo o. diagrama de puntos electrónicos p. período -24 26 Las propiedades de los átomos y la tabla periódica q. Dmitri Mendeleev Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Satisface las necesidades individuales 2. región alrededor del núcleo en donde se encuentran los electrones a. núcleo Name Date 1 Reinforcement Class Structure of the Atom Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. How is the chemical symbol of an element determined? Meeting Individual Needs 2. What are atoms composed of? 3. Are electrons, protons, or neutrons the smallest particles? If not, what are? 4. How many types of quarks are there and what is the name of one of them? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. Why do scientists use models to study atoms? 6. Why has the atomic model changed over time? 7. Why is the current atomic model called the “Electron Cloud Model”? Directions: Match the term in Column I with the definition in Column II. Write the letter of the correct definition in the blank at the left. Column I Column II 8. electron a. positively charged particle 9. neutron b. negatively charged particle 10. nucleus c. neutral particle 11. proton d. smaller particles that make up protons and neutrons e. positively charged center of an atom 12. quark Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 27 Name 2 Date Reinforcement Class Masses of Atoms Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. What are isotopes? 3. What is the average atomic mass of an element? 4. Compare and contrast the atomic structure of the chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes. 5. Suppose that a newly discovered element called centium has three isotopes that occur in nature. These are centium-200, centium-203, and centium-209. Assume that these isotopes occur in equal amounts in nature. What will be the average atomic mass of this element? 28 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs 2. How do Boron-10 and Boron-11 differ? Name Date 3 Class The Periodic Table Reinforcement Directions: You will need a scientist’s patience to find the names of the 70 elements hidden in the grid. The lanthanides and the actinides have been excluded. The same letters may appear in more than one element name. Draw a line through the letters that correctly spell the name of an element. A Y M R A S S M R N U E B L U G N T N E I T T O N C A D M A I I L O M I I U M N I D N J E N Z E L I N E H L H G H P B R O M I N E D A P L N E H T U R C S P K L M U Y O P M Q R T S C M U V H E O H I Y D U R X E U A S C R N U R B D D P E N I E J I T I L B L F G O H O I H U P R H O R L E M O E N O D V P R D N L Q T K N D G A R T N R T H H A A H C N E D S T U H Y A H E M P E R B E N I N I O B I I U M O C N E E I I R U N T I D E T T A T S A A N A B E L E G O S C I S M U I N I T C A L C I U M M U I I I N I A I S I I A O G N L F F E A M L M T S L N D L N O C R I Z U U D N I A E N T T L I I A G H H L U L T P A S I M V E R U E E O T U U H I E N U L U N G C M N N R M Y M M R O R N T A H T U M S I B O R M M M O U G M L E I L D E U L M B O R O N M L E N N T S S M N O B R A C M E S U L U L H L N U H T Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L U O R W S A Y X M D B Z K S F D E N O E O B O C E R G I I T U E I D B U P U T U N E T E I A H E L R N P L T I P E I U G M I L I R T T Y N T I I M N M I U U L M N R I U M V Y I F I A I U E M E C H R O M I U M A N L T S U O X Y G E N M E E A V U E R M U S E C M N B M K T I I R C E M N M D E S E N A G N A M A M P S I T R O N D T I V U M R A E N N E A D A N B E I U A R L A O H T M A U D R M E F D C M U A M U I M S O L D Directions: Complete the following paragraphs about the periodic table by filling each blank with the correct term. In the modern periodic table, elements are listed by increasing 1. ________________. Each box represents an 2. ________________. A box contains the name, atomic number, 3. ________________, and 4. ________________ for the element. Vertical columns in the table are called 5. ________________. Most elements in a column have the same number of 6. ________________ in the outer energy level and tend to have similar 7._________________. Horizontal rows in the table are called 8. ________________. The elements on the left side of the table are 9. ________________. Groups 3–12 contain metals known as 10. ________________. Elements on the right side are 11. ________________. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 29 Meeting Individual Needs O O S I Name 1 Date Enrichment Class The Building Blocks of Matter From experiments involving the high-speed collision of particles, scientists have determined that heavy nuclear particles, such as protons and neutrons, are composed of quarks. The name “quark” was taken from a novel. Quarks are classified into six flavors—up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The flavors are not related to any physical characteristics of the quarks themselves, but are used as classifications. Unlike protons and electrons, which carry whole charges of +1 or –1, quarks carry fractional charges. The following table lists some information about quarks. Quarks Symbol Charge Name Symbol Charge up u 2/3 down d 1/3 strange s 1/3 charm c 2/3 bottom b 1/3 top t 2/3 Mass 1. Use the library to find the name of the author and novel from which the word “quark” was taken. 2. Use the library to draw a time line showing the history of quarks. 3. Protons and neutrons are composed of triplets of up and down quarks. Use the information in the table to determine which of the following quark triplets represents a proton and which represents a neutron. udd __________________ uud __________________ 4. A heavier nuclear particle is composed of a triplet of strange quarks. What is the charge of this particle? 30 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs Name Name Enrichment Class The Mole You have learned that the mass of atoms is measured in atomic mass units. This unit is too small to use in everyday measurement. It would be simpler to have a number of atoms that would have a mass in grams that is equal to the mass of one atom in atomic mass units. The same number would fit all elements, because equal numbers of different atoms always have the same mass ratio. Chemists have found that 6.02 ✕ 1023 atoms of an element have a mass in grams equivalent to the mass of one atom in atomic mass units. This counting unit is called a mole. For example, one mole of helium atoms has a mass of 4 grams because helium has a mass number of 4. Do you know how big a number a mole is? Suppose the entire population of the world, more than four billion people, were assigned to count the number of atoms in one mole of helium. If each person counted one atom per second and worked a 48-hour work week, the task would take more than 10 million years. If you had one mole of pennies, you would have enough money to pay all the expenses of the United States for the next billion years. 1. A mole is a certain number of items. What number does each of the following terms represent? a. dozen ______________ d. mole ______________ b. billion ______________ e. gross ______________ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. c. million ______________ 2. Using a laboratory balance, measure and record the mass of one mole of each of the following elements: carbon, iron nails, zinc metal, and copper wire. 3. Find the mass, in grams, of each of the following: a. 2 moles of aluminum ______________ b. 4 moles of magnesium ______________ c. 3 moles of helium ______________ 4. How many moles are in each of the following: a. 156 grams of chromium ______________ b. 156 grams of potassium ______________ c. 119 grams of uranium ______________ 5. Why is the counting unit called a mole useful for chemists? Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 31 Meeting Individual Needs 2 Date Name 3 Date Enrichment Class Predicting an Element’s Group and Period Several scientists, including Newlands, Meyer, and Mendeleev worked on classification systems that grouped elements according to their properties. They found that these properties repeated in a regular or periodic manner. This fact was used to predict properties of undiscovered elements. Review electron arrangement from your textbook. In Table 1, write the maximum number of electrons that can fill each energy level on the blanks in the table heading. Write the total number of electrons for each element in the first column labeled Total. For each element, assign the correct number of electrons to each energy level. Complete Table 2 by using the information from the six elements studied. Electrons Element Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Number of outer electrons Located in group 1. Argon 2. Carbon 3. Helium 4. Lithium 5. Silicon 6. Sodium Table 2 Element Energy level of outer electrons Located in period 7. Ar 8. C 9. He 10. Li 11. Si 12. Na 13. How is the element’s period related to the number of energy levels over which its electrons are spread? 14. How can you predict an element’s group and period? 32 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs Table 1 Name Date Note-taking Worksheet Section 1 Class Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Structure of the Atom A. ____________ are abbreviated in scientific shorthand—first letter or two of element’s name B. ________—smallest piece of matter that still has the properties of the element 1. ___________ have electrical charge of 1+. 3. _____________ have electrical charge of 1-. 4. Protons and neutrons are in the ___________ of an atom; electrons surround the nucleus. C. Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called __________. 1. Six quarks are known to exist; the sixth is called the _______ quark. D. Scientists use scaled-up __________ to represent atoms. 1. Early models of atoms used a solid __________. 2. Current __________________ model shows electrons traveling in specific energy levels around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Section 2 Masses of Atoms A. _______________—composed mostly of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus 1. Unit of measurement for atomic particles is ____________________ (amu) which is one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom containing six protons and six neutrons. 2. _________________—the number of protons in an atom; number of protons also identifies the element 3. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is the _______________. B. ____________—atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons 1. Different isotopes have different ______________. 2. Number of ____________ is equal to mass number minus atomic number. 3. Name of ___________ followed by mass number identifies the isotope. 4. _______________________ is the weighted-average mass of an element’s isotopes. 5. Average atomic mass is closest to its most ____________ isotope. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 33 Meeting Individual Needs 2. ____________ do not have an electrical charge. Name Date Class Note-taking Worksheet (continued) Section 3 The Periodic Table A. Elements are organized in the __________________ by increasing atomic number. 1. In the late 1800’s, Dmitri Medeleev devised the first periodic table based on _______________. 2. In 1913, Henry G. J. Moseley arranged the elements by _________________ rather than atomic mass. B. Vertical columns in the periodic table are __________ of elements with similar properties. 2. Each of the seven energy levels can have a ___________ number of electrons. a. Energy level one can contain at most _______ electrons. b. Energy level two can contain at most _________ electrons. 3. Each row in the periodic table ends when an outer energy level is __________. 4. _________________________ use the element symbol and dots to represent outer energy level electrons. C. ___________—horizontal rows of elements that contain increasing numbers of protons and electrons. 1. Elements are ______________ as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids (semimetals). 2. Elements are _______________ in laboratories all over the world. D. The ________ elements exist all over the universe. 1. Hydrogen and helium are the ___________________ of other naturally occurring elements. 2. ______________ spread heavier elements throughout the universe. 34 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meeting Individual Needs 1. Elements in the same group have the same number of _____________ in their outer energy level. Assessment Assessment 36 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Name Date Class Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Chapter Review Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: On the space at the left, write the term that correctly completes each statement. Use each term once. metals groups electrons chemical symbol isotopes metalloids nucleus average atomic mass electron cloud transition elements atomic number mass number periods quarks periodic table 1. A capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and a small letter that is used to represent an element is called a(n) ______. 2. The horizontal rows of elements are called ______. 3. An average of the masses of all the isotopes that occur in nature for an element is the ______. 4. Vertical columns of elements are called ______. 5. Elements in the middle of the periodic table, groups 4 through 7, are called the ______. 7. Protons and neutrons can be subdivided into ______ by colliding them. 8. The center of an atom where protons and neutrons are located is the ______. 9. A total count of the neutrons and protons in an atom is the ______. 10. Atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons are ______. 11. Elements that are found on the left side of the periodic table are ______. 12. Elements that have some properties of both metals and nonmetals are ______. 13. The particles that move about the nucleus and have a negative charge are ______. 14. The region around the nucleus occupied by electrons is a(n) ______. 15. A chart that shows the classification of elements is called the ______. Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 37 Assessment Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. The number of protons in an atom is the ______. Name Date Class Chapter Review (continued) Part B. Concept Review Directions: Complete the table below by writing the correct information in the blank spaces. Chemical symbol Element Atomic number Number of protons Number of neutrons Mass number 11 11 12 23 6 6 12 26 30 56 16 32 1. Sodium 2. Carbon C 3. Fe 26 4. Sulfur S 16 5. Nitrogen N 7 7 6. Oxygen O 8 8 8 7. He 2 2 2 8. Chlorine-35 Cl 17 17 9. Copper Cu 29 29 35 17 20 Cl 10. Chlorine-37 14 4 35 37 1 18 11 Assessment Na 2 13 14 15 16 17 23 26 3 A 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C Fe Fe 55.8 79 Au 197 Au B 11. Which element has a greater atomic mass, A or B? 12. Which element is a metal, B or C? 13. In which group is gold? 14. What is the average atomic mass of iron? 15. What is the atomic number of sodium? 38 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: Refer to the periodic table below and the boxes at the right of the table to answer questions 11–15. Transparency Activities Transparency Activities Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 43 Name 1 Date Section Focus Transparency Activity Class Subatomic Collision Transparency Activities 1. Why do you think scientists have only recently discovered these subatomic particles? 2. What might scientists learn by breaking apart atomic nuclei? 44 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. An individual atom is so small that it would take 50 million of them lined up in a row to equal one centimeter! Atoms, however, can be divided into component parts, and, amazingly, some of these parts have particles that are tinier yet. Below is an image created by these subatomic particles taken in a device called a bubble chamber. Name 2 Date Section Focus Transparency Activity Class Carbon Cat Transparency Activities Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How old are these mummified cats found in an Egyptian tomb? Carbon-14 holds the answer. Carbon-14 is a radioactive form of carbon, an element found in every living thing. By measuring how much carbon-14 remains in these cats, scientists can tell approximately how many years ago the cats were buried. 1. Carbon-14 decays over time. What does “decay” mean? 2. Why do you think carbon is used by scientists to date objects such as mummies, bones, and cloth wrappings? 3. Is it possible to use carbon-14 dating on things that were never alive? Why or why not? Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 45 Name 3 Date Section Focus Transparency Activity Class What makes the glass glow? 1. Of what materials is glass usually made? Transparency Activities 2. Why do you think the glass glows? 3. Why might prolonged work with such glass be dangerous? 46 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. When you hear the word uranium, you might think of nuclear power. Uranium, though, was used in the 19th century by European glassmakers to create what was called uranium glass. This interesting glass had a yellowish-green color and glows under certain lighting conditions. Name Date 1 Teaching Transparency Activity Class Electron Cloud Model Nucleus Transparency Activities Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Electron cloud Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 47 Name Teaching Transparency Activity Date Class (continued) 1. What is the region around the nucleus called? 2. What was the name of the Greek who proposed the idea that atoms made up all substances? 3. What is an electron cloud? 4. What determines how far each electron travels from the nucleus? 5. Why can’t electron positions be pinpointed? Transparency Activities Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Electrons are located in a cloud surrounding what part of the atom? 48 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Name Date Assessment Transparency Activity Class Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions. Characteristics of Some Alkaline Earth Metals Atomic number Mass number Melting point (˚C) Boiling point (˚C) Magnesium 12 24 651 1105 Calcium 20 40 842 1494 Strontium 38 88 769 1384 Barium 56 137 725 1640 1. According to the table, which alkaline Earth metal has a mass number greater than 100? A Magnesium C Strontium B Calcium D Barium 2. According to the table, which element has the LOWEST atomic number? F Magnesium H Strontium G Calcium J Barium 3. According to the table, which element has the HIGHEST melting point? A Magnesium C Strontium B Calcium D Barium Transparency Activities Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Element 4. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number. According to this definition and the table, how many neutrons are in the nucleus of a strontium atom? F 20 G 38 H 50 J 81 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 49