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Transcript
Details of Organic Chem! Date ______ • • Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules Functional Groups, I • Attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon • Each has a unique property from one organic to another • Hydroxyl Group H bonded to O; alcohols; polar (oxygen); solubility in water • Functional Groups, II • Carboxyl Group O double bonded to C to hydroxyl; carboxylic acids; covalent bond between O and H; polar; dissociation, H ion • Sulfhydral Group sulfur bonded to H; thiols • Phosphate Group • Amino Group N to 2 H atoms; amines; acts as a base (+1) phosphate ion; covalently attached by 1 of its O to the C skeleton; Polymers • Covalent monomers • Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction):One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule • Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion) Carbohydrates, I • Monosaccharides √ CH2O formula; √ multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups and 1 carbonyl (C=O) group: 1:2:1 Ratio of C-H-O • C6H12O6 • √ cellular respiration; √ Glucose the most common monosaccharide Carbohydrates, II • Disaccharides √ glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) between 2 monosaccharides; √ covalent bond by dehydration reaction • Sucrose (table sugar) √ most common disaccharide Carbohydrates, III • The REALLY big carbs! • Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound; Chitin~ exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread Lipids I • • • • • Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids 3 main types of lipids: Fats, phospholipids, steroids All are Hydrophobic All contain a Carboxyl group = fatty acid Ester linkages bind the 3 fatty acids to the 1 glycerol (dehydration formation) Lipids, II Phospholipids • 2 fatty acids instead of 3 Add in on phosphate group • ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic • Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes Steroids • Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings • Ex: cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis Proteins • Importance: Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known • Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) bind together to form peptide bonds, during dehydration reactions. • The functional group in proteins are: carboxyl (-C=O-OH) group, and an amino group (NH2), • Proteins have a three-dimensional shape (conformation), that fits one of four categories based on complexity. Primary Structure • Conformations: 1) Primary: Linear structure • Simplest form the bonded amino acids can take. • EX; Poly peptide chain of amino acids • Meth-lys-leu-ala-try Secondary Structure • 2) Secondary: These are folded linear structures which increases the complexity by coils & folds that occur between the hydrogen bonds. • There are 2 possible outcomes: • Alpha Helix: coiling; Ex: keratin • Beta Pleated Sheet: parallel; Ex: silk Tertiary Structure • 3) Tertiary: Irregular contortions form from hydrogen bonds, causes an irregular structure to form. Quaternary Structure • Last and largest Conformation structure is 4) Quaternary: • Massive complex that contains all other confirmations combined. These make up all enzymes in the body. • EX: hemoglobin Nucleic Acids, I • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Monomers of nucleotides : • nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group Functional groups are amino NH2 and a phosphate OPO3 • Nitrogenous bases: • pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil purines~adenine, guanine Review base pair binding rules! SUMMARY • Bio-chemistry is the study of organic compounds and how they assist in structure and function of life. • Carbon chains are versatile based on functional groups. (There are 7) • The 4 main classes of bio-chemical organic classes/groups are described on the next slide! M= monomer (building blocks) P= polymer • Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (m) form disaccharides form polysaccharides (p) that make up complex carbs • Lipids: glycerol (m) & fatty acids (m) form lipids (p), steroids (p) and phospholipids (p) • Proteins- amino acids (m) form 4 different conformational proteins (p). • Nucleic acids- nitrogenous base (m), pentose sugar (m) and phosphates (m) make up DNA (p) or RNA (p)