Download Functional Groups, I

Details of Organic Chem!
Date ______
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Carbon &
The Molecular
Diversity of Life
&
The Structure &
Function of
Macromolecules
Functional Groups, I
• Attachments that
replace one or more of
the hydrogens bonded
to the carbon skeleton
of the hydrocarbon
• Each has a unique
property from one
organic to another
• Hydroxyl Group
H bonded to O;
alcohols; polar
(oxygen); solubility in
water
•
Functional Groups, II
• Carboxyl Group
O double bonded to C to hydroxyl;
carboxylic acids;
covalent bond between
O and H;
polar; dissociation, H ion
• Sulfhydral Group
sulfur bonded to H;
thiols
• Phosphate Group
• Amino Group
N to 2 H atoms;
amines;
acts as a base (+1)
phosphate ion;
covalently attached by 1
of its
O to the C
skeleton;
Polymers
• Covalent monomers
• Condensation reaction
(dehydration reaction):One
monomer provides a hydroxyl
group while the other provides
a hydrogen to form a water
molecule
• Hydrolysis: bonds between
monomers are broken by adding
water (digestion)
Carbohydrates, I
• Monosaccharides
√ CH2O formula;
√ multiple hydroxyl (OH)
groups and 1 carbonyl
(C=O) group:
1:2:1 Ratio of C-H-O
• C6H12O6
• √ cellular respiration;
√ Glucose the most common
monosaccharide
Carbohydrates, II
• Disaccharides
√ glycosidic linkage (covalent
bond) between 2
monosaccharides;
√ covalent bond by dehydration
reaction
• Sucrose (table sugar)
√ most common disaccharide
Carbohydrates, III
• The REALLY
big carbs!
•
Polysaccharides
Structural:
Cellulose~ most abundant
organic compound;
Chitin~ exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi;
surgical thread
Lipids I
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Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
3 main types of lipids: Fats, phospholipids, steroids
All are Hydrophobic
All contain a Carboxyl group = fatty acid
Ester linkages bind the 3 fatty acids to the 1 glycerol
(dehydration formation)
Lipids, II
Phospholipids
• 2 fatty acids instead of
3 Add in on phosphate
group
• ‘Tails’ hydrophobic;
‘heads’ hydrophilic
• Bilayer (double
layer);cell membranes
Steroids
• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings
• Ex: cholesterol:
cell membranes;
precursor for other
steroids (sex hormones);
atherosclerosis
Proteins
• Importance:
Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry
weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known
• Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) bind together to form
peptide bonds, during dehydration reactions.
• The functional group in proteins are: carboxyl (-C=O-OH)
group, and an amino group (NH2),
• Proteins have a three-dimensional shape (conformation),
that fits one of four categories based on complexity.
Primary Structure
• Conformations:
1) Primary: Linear structure
• Simplest form the bonded amino acids
can take.
• EX; Poly peptide chain of amino acids
• Meth-lys-leu-ala-try
Secondary Structure
• 2) Secondary: These are folded
linear structures which
increases the complexity by
coils & folds that occur
between the hydrogen bonds.
• There are 2 possible outcomes:
• Alpha Helix:
coiling; Ex: keratin
• Beta Pleated Sheet:
parallel; Ex: silk
Tertiary Structure
• 3) Tertiary: Irregular
contortions form from
hydrogen bonds, causes an
irregular structure to form.
Quaternary Structure
• Last and largest
Conformation structure is
4) Quaternary:
• Massive complex that
contains all other
confirmations combined.
These make up all
enzymes in the body.
• EX: hemoglobin
Nucleic Acids, I
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Monomers of nucleotides :
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nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group
Functional groups are amino NH2 and a
phosphate OPO3
• Nitrogenous bases:
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pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil
purines~adenine, guanine
Review base pair binding rules!
SUMMARY
• Bio-chemistry is the study of organic
compounds and how they assist in structure
and function of life.
• Carbon chains are versatile based on
functional groups. (There are 7)
• The 4 main classes of bio-chemical organic
classes/groups are described on the next
slide!
M= monomer (building blocks)
P= polymer
• Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (m) form
disaccharides form polysaccharides (p) that make
up complex carbs
• Lipids: glycerol (m) & fatty acids (m) form lipids
(p), steroids (p) and phospholipids (p)
• Proteins- amino acids (m) form 4 different
conformational proteins (p).
• Nucleic acids- nitrogenous base (m), pentose
sugar (m) and phosphates (m) make up DNA (p)
or RNA (p)