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Name:______________________________ Period:______ Date:_______________ LT4:Icanexplainhowenergycanbetransferredfromoneplacetoanotherthroughwaves. Part1:KineticWaveModel TheactivitydescribedbelowisamodelofhowearthquakewavestravelthroughEarth.Scientistsusemodelstohelpunderstand complexsystemswithinEarth.Inthismodel,studentsrepresentmoleculesthatmakeuprocks/magmainsideEarth. Studentswith“linked”armsrepresentsolidrock(moleculestightlylinked). Studentswithunlinkedarmsrepresentmoltenrock(moleculesnotlinked). Earthquakesarerepresentedby“pushes”thattravelthroughalineofstudents.Ourvariableswillbethephasesofmatter(liquid vs.solid),thedensityofthematter(solid),andthetypeofearthquakewave(aparallelpushversusaperpendicularpush). Run# StudentActions PusherActions Run1 Allstudentsshouldlinkarmsandstandwiththeir shoulders/upperarmstouching,andholdtheirarmsfirmly together. Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel (forward)totheline Run2 Sameasabove Pushthestudentattheendoftheline perpendicular(sideways)totheline Run3 Allstudentsshouldlinkarms,moveslightlyapart(sothatthey nowhaveelbowroom),andholdtheirarmslooselytogether. Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel (forward)totheline Run4 Studentsinthefirsthalfofthelineshouldlinkarmsandholdtheirarms Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel firmly,linkinRuns1and2. (forward)totheline Studentsinthesecondhalfofthelineshouldnotlinktheirarms,but shouldstillstandshouldertoshoulderliketherestoftheline. Run5 Sameasabove Pushthestudentattheendoftheline perpendicular(sideways)totheline Prediction#1 Prediction#2 Results Time#1(s) Time#2(s) Time#3(s) AverageTime(s) Run1 Run2 Run3 Run4 Run5 Didyourpredictionsmatchtheactualresultsoftheexperiments?Explain. Page1 WhatdifferencesinthepropertiesofEarthmaterialsarebeingmodeledbychangingthewaystudentsarearranged inRuns1and3? IfyoucompareRuns4and5,whydidtheyproducesuchdifferentresults?Whatisdifferentaboutthewaythata parallelpushmovesthroughunlinkedpeopleandthewaythataperpendicularpushmovesthroughunlinked people? Considertheresultsofallfiveruns.Inwhatwayaretheperpendicularandparallelpushesasimilarprocess?Inwhat wayaretheydifferent?Whichmovesfasterthroughthehumanline? Part2:SeismicSlinkies ● ● ● Awaveisadisturbancethattravelsthroughmatterorspace.Therearemanydifferentkindsofwaves–like soundwaves,lightwaves,seismic(earthquake)waves. Wavesmoveenergy,notmatter,fromonelocationtoanother.Inotherwords,matterdoesnottravelwith thewaves. Allwaveshavepropertiesthatcanbemeasuredlikespeed,wavelength,frequency,andamplitude. AnatomyofaPrimary(P)wave AnatomyofaSecondary(S)wave Wavelength=distancebetweentwoofthesamepoints(asshown) Amplitude=theheight/widthawayfromthecenter Frequency=thenumberofwavesinagivenamountoftime,example=#wavespersecond WaveType HighAmplitudeDrawing&Observations LowAmplitudeDrawing&Observations P-Wave S-Wave Page2 Howdoesamplitudeaffectthemovementofthewaves? An increase in amplitude means that there is an increase in the movement of waves. Willanearthquakewavewithahigherorloweramplitudecausethemostdamagetolarge,tallbuildings?Why? Higher amplitude – because the buildings will be moving more. Willanearthquakewavewithahigherorloweramplitudetravelfaster?Why? Higher amplitude – because the wave has more energy. WaveType HighFrequencyDrawing&Observations LowFrequencyDrawing&Observations P-Wave S-Wave Whatdoesthefrequencyofawaverepresent? How often the wave occurs in a set amount of time. Howwillthefrequencyofanearthquakewavechangeasyoutravelfartherfromthefocusofanearthquake? The further from the focus, the less frequent the waves. Whatcanyousayaboutthesizeofanearthquakeifitswaveshavealowfrequency? The earthquake will be smaller (less energy). Whatcanyousayaboutthesizeofanearthquakeifitswaveshaveahigherfrequency? The earthquake will be bigger (more energy). InvestigatingtheEffectofFrequencyonAmplitude InvestigativeQuestion:Howdoesthefrequencyofawaveaffecttheamplitude(sizeoftheside-to-sidemovements)? Procedure: 1. Positionyourslinkyatthe“0cm”amplitudemarkonyourmaskingtape. 2. CreateanS-wavebyslidingoneendoftheslinkybackandforthtomoveslowly. a. Whenreadytocollectdata,measuretheamplitudeofyourwave,asyoumakeawave. b. Repeatforatotalof3trialsandrecord. 3. Repeatstep2fordifferentfrequencies(medium,fast),andcalculateaveragesforeachfrequency. Variables:MV___Frequency of seismic waves__ Frequency Trial1(cm) RV___Amplitude of the seismic wave___ Trial2(cm) Trial3(cm) Average(cm) SLOW MEDIUM FAST Page3 Whathappenstothesizeoftheside-to-sidemovementswhenyouchangehowfastyoumovetheslinky? Whichtypeofseismicwaves–highorlowfrequency-willcausethemostdamagetolarge,tallbuildings?Why? Part3:EarthquakeBlocksDemo IftheEarth’stectonicplatesareconstantlymoving,whydon’twefeelconstantearthquakes? Friction between the plates causes energy to build up until there is enough to cause the fault to slip. Whatisthecauseofanearthquake? The slipping of tectonics plates when enough energy overcomes the force of friction locking the plates together. Part4:InterpretingSeismicWaves DirectionofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave. Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave. DistanceofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave. Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave. ForceofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave. Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave. Whathappenedwhenyouchangedthedirectionofyourpounding? Whathappenedwhenyouchangedthedistanceofpoundingfromtheseismograph? Whathappenedwhenyouchangedtheforceofthepounding? Howdoyouthinkarealseismographdiffersfromthismodelseismograph? Whydoyouthinkitisimportantforscientiststorecordearthquakevibrations? Page4 Part5:ReadingSeismograms Whatdothenumbers0858ontheseismogramrepresent? 8:58 am in military time Whatdoeseachmarkonalinerepresent? One (1) minute Howlongdidittakefortheseismogramtomakeonerevolutionaroundthedrum?Howdoyouknow? 30 minutes, there are 30 marks along each line ExaminetheBellinghamseismogramtoanswerthefollowingquestions. 1. FindthespotontheseismogramwherethemainshockoftheAlaskaearthquakereachedBellingham.Circle itontheseismogram.Howcanyoutell? 2. Usetheminutemarksatthetopoftheseismogramtodeterminewhattimethefirstearthquakewave(Pwave)fromtheAlaskaearthquakereachedBellingham,WA.(Rememberthateachmarkrepresents1minute andeachlonglinerepresents30minutes.) 19:41 (7:41 pm) PST March 27, 1964 3. IftheAlaskaearthquakebeganat7:36P.M.(19:36militarytime),howlongdidittakefortheP- wavetotravelfromPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskatoBellingham? 5 minutes 4. Lookatthebottomhalfoftheseismographandnotethedate.Whatdoyouthinkthewavesinthis bottomhalfrepresent? Aftershocks 5. FindthepointthatyouthinkrepresentsthefirstaftershockonMarch28.Howmanyaftershocksdid youseealtogether?Circlethemontheseismogram.________________Howdotheycomparewith thefirstearthquake,ormainshockwaves? They are smaller in size than the first earthquake Doyouthinkseismographsallovertheworld,oronlythosenearAlaska,wereabletorecordtheAlaska earthquake?Explain. Inwhatwaysmighttheseismogramsrecordedinotherpartsoftheworldlookdifferentfromtheone recordedinBellingham? The waves recorded may have smaller amplitudes than those recorded in Bellingham. Part6:FIndingtheEpicenter Howmanyseismographstationsdoyouneeddatafrominordertodeterminetheexactpointoftheepicenter?Use wordsandadiagramtorepresentthisidea. You need data from at least three (3) seismic stations in order to triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake. Page5 DeterminethearrivaltimesforP-wavesandSwavesatdifferentdistancesfromanepicenter. 1) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated1000km fromtheEQ’sepicenter: · HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive? 2 minutes · HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive? 4 minutes and 10 seconds · Whatisthedifferenceintime? 2 minutes and 10 seconds 2) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated2500km fromtheEQ’sepicenter: · HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive? 4 minutes and 50 seconds · HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive? 8 minutes and 50 seconds · Whatisthedifferenceintime? 4 minutes 3) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated5000km fromtheEQ’sepicenter: · HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive? 8 minutes and 40 seconds · HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive? 15 minutes · Whatisthedifferenceintime? 6 minutes and 20 seconds DeterminethedistanceawayfromanEQ’sepicenterusingP-waveandS-wavearrivaltime. 1) Ifittook2minutesforthefirstP-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter? 1000 km 2) Ifittook4minutesforthefirstS-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter? 900 km 3) Ifittook9minutesforthefirstP-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter? 5400 km 4) Ifittook9minutesforthefirstS-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter? 2550 km DeterminethedistanceawayfromanEQ’sepicenterusingthedifferencebetweenP-waveandS-wavearrivaltimes. 1) P-wavearrivaltime:0858hours S-wavearrivaltime:0900hours Differenceintime:2 minutes Distanceawayfromepicenter: 900 km 2) P-wavearrivaltime:1330hours S-wavearrivaltime:1333hours Differenceintime:3 minutesDistanceawayfromepicenter:1750 km 3) P-wavearrivaltime:2000hours Differenceintime:5 minutes S-wavearrivaltime:2005hours Distanceawayfromepicenter: 3500 km Page6 4) P-wavearrivaltime:2144hours Differenceintime:6 minutes S-wavearrivaltime:2150hours Distanceawayfromepicenter: 4500 km EpicenterProblem#1 Threedifferentseismographstations(A,B,andC)recordedanearthquake.UsewhatyouknowaboutP-wavesandSwaves,aswellastheTime-Distancegraphtohelpyoulocateandmarktheearthquake’sepicenter. Seismograph Stations TimeofArrival P-Waves TimeofArrival S-Waves S-waveminusPwave DistancetotheEpicenter (kilometers) A.Sitka,Alaska 8:07 8:11 4minutes 2500 B.Charlotte,NC 8:08 8:13 5 minutes 3500 C.Honolulu,Hawaii 8:09 8:15 6 minutes 4500 Page7 EpicenterProblem#2 Threedifferentseismographstations(A,B,andC)recordedanearthquake.UsewhatyouknowaboutP-wavesandSwaves,aswellastheTime-Distancegraphtohelpyoulocateandmarktheearthquake’sepicenter. SeismographStation S-waveminusP-wave Distancefromepicenter A.StLouis,MO 1 minute 250 km B.Houston,TX 2.5 minutes 1250 km C.LosAngeles,CA 4.5 minutes 3250 km Page8 Part7:BuildingResonanceDemo TallorSmall?Whichissafer? HighFrequencySeismicWaves LowFrequencySeismicWaves SmallBuildings TallBuildings Part8:LiquefactionDemo Howdoesthegroundsurfaceeffecttheamountofshakingthatisfeltduringanearthquake? SolidBedrock(Gravel) DrySediments(DrySand) SaturatedSediments(WetSand Sketch/Observations Sketch/Observations Sketch/Observations Whichtypeofsurfacewouldyouwanttobuildahomeon? Claim:________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ EvidenceandReasoning:_________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Page9 Part9:Earth’sInterior ChemicalCompositionofEarth’sLayers LayerName Crust Continental Oceanic Mantle Core Composition(Density) Thickness Granite (Felsic) (2.7g/cm3) About35km (60kminmtnranges) Basalt (Mafic) About5km Iron (Fe), Silicates (SiO4), Olivine 35-2885km Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) rich 2885-6371km (3.0g/cm3) Page10 PhysicalPropertiesofEarth’sLayers Layer Depth StateofMatter Temperature SeismicWaves Lithosphere 0-100km Rigid Solid 0-300 C Asthenosphere 100-660km Plastic Solid 300-500 C p-waves. S-waves Mesosphere 660-2900km Rigid Solid 500-4000 C 0 p-waves. S-waves Outer Core 2900-5155km Liquid 4000-5000 C Inner Core 5155-6371km Rigid Solid 5000-7000 C 0 p-waves. S-waves, surface waves 0 0 p-waves 0 p-waves Part10:InsidePlanetEarthVideoQuestions 1.WhyisJulesVerne’s“JourneytotheCenteroftheEarth”notpossible? Extreme pressure and temperatures 2.Gravitycomesfromthe____ mass___oftheEarth. 3.WhatarethetwoplacesthatEarthgetsitsenergyfrom? Earth’s core and the Sun 4.WhathappenstotemperatureandpressureasyoumoveclosertothecenteroftheEarth? They increase 5.Howdoesthecrustrespondtotheheatfrombelow? It gets pushed up into mountains and gets carved out as caves. 6.Whyismantlematerialcomparedtotheconsistencyoffudge? Because it is a solid, but when it heats up it becomes flexible and can start to flow like a liquid. 7.WhatdoscientistsusetofindoutabouttheinteriorstructureofEarth? Rocks, Diamonds, and Seismic Waves 8.Whatareconvectioncurrents?Whatisthepurposeofconvectioncurrents? Convection currents are the cycling mantle. They transfer energy from the core to the crust. 9.Howdoeswatergetundergroundwiththeplates? It gets pulled down with subducting plates. 10.Whatistherelationshipbetweenwaterandvolcaniceruptions? The water that gets pulled down and becomes super heated. This mixes with the mantle causing it to melt and then erupt with explosive force. 11.Whathappenswhenoceaniccrustmeetscontinentalcrust? The oceanic crust is subducted (pushed under) the continental crust where it eventually melts back down. 12.HowweretheHawaiianIslandsformed?fromvolcanoesabovea___ mantle__plume Hotspot in the Pacific Ocean Page11 13.WhatarethehazardsassociatedwiththemantleplumeunderYellowstoneNationalPark? Geysers, Hot Springs, Super Eruptions 15.WhatwouldhappenifconvectioninEarth’soutercorestopped? Earth would lose its magnetic field 16.WhatishappeningtotheinnercoreofthePlanetasheatistransferredfromtheinnertotheoutercore? It is slowly cooling off SelfReflection:ColortheSmileyFacethatshowshowwellyoufeelyouunderstandLT#4 WhatHaveILearnedaboutLT#4: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Page12