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Editorial The B Cell A Good Guy in Vascular Disease? Göran K. Hansson I nflammatory cells and molecules have largely been considered bad guys in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. This is particularly true for macrophages, T cells, and mast cells. In contrast, the role of B cells has remained unclear.1 Recent studies suggest that this cell type may inhibit the development of vascular pathology in models of atherosclerosis and restenosis.2,3 The Table summarizes some experiments addressing the effect on atherosclerosis of cells involved in adaptive immunity. Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on June 18, 2017 been identified as a key promotor of transplant vascular sclerosis (transplant arteriosclerosis, chronic vascular rejection).9 All these data point to a proatherogenic role for cellmediated, inflammatory immunity that involves macrophages and T cells at its core. Paradoxically, activation of the immune system with the athero-antigen, oxidized LDL, reduces rather than aggravates the disease process. Such an effect was first demonstrated by Palinski et al10 using oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) immunization of Watanabe LDL receptor– deficient rabbits. Protective effects of immunization with modified LDL has been demonstrated in several models including apoE and LDL receptor knockout (KO) mice and suggest that the immune system can mount protective as well as detrimental activities during the course of atherosclerosis. Protective immunity seems to correlate with development of IgG antibodies to Ox-LDL, although this remains controversial.11 A role for antibodies in atheroprotective immunity was also suggested by a study showing that infusions of immunoglobulins (ivIg preparations) could reduce atherosclerosis in apoE KO mice.12 A report in the March 15 issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation has provided more direct evidence for an atheroprotective role of B cells. In it, Caligiuri et al2 demonstrate that transfer of B cells from atherosclerotic apoE KO mice to young, disease-prone apoE KO mice could protect the latter from developing advanced disease. Protection to a lesser extent was observed when B cells from young apoEdeficient donors were transferred, implying a role for development of adaptive immunity in the protective response. The reduction in atherosclerosis was paralleled by an increase in the titers of IgG–anti-Ox-LDL, but it remains to be formally demonstrated whether transfer of antibodies can actually protect recipients from disease. Alternatively, protection may depend on cell-cell interactions involving B cells. In the current issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Dimayuga et al3 present further evidence for a protective role of B cells in vascular disease. They have used a periadventitial cuff to induce intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery of mice and assessed the role of adaptive immunity by comparing immunodeficient Rag-1 KO mice with immunocompetent C57BL/6⫻129/S controls. Interestingly, lesions were approximately 3- to 5-fold larger in the Rag-1 KO mice, which lack T and B cells. This is in line with previous studies that we have performed in T cell– deficient nude rats, which also exhibit enhanced lesion formation after mechanical injury.13 In the latter model, injection of the T cell cytokine interferon-␥ reduced smooth muscle proliferation and lesion formation. Therefore, T cells may inhibit restenotic lesions. By inference, one would assume that T cells could See page 644 The case for the monocyte-derived macrophage is particularly strong. It can oxidize lipoproteins, express scavenger receptors, and accumulate cholesteryl esters. It is also capable of producing tissue factor, and it is a major source of matrix metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines. All of these factors and phenomena are considered proatherogenic. Direct support for the conclusion that macrophages promote atherosclerosis was obtained in studies of mice deficient in functional macrophage-colony stimulating factor.4 When such mice were crossed with atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E– deficient (apoE⫺/⫺) mice, the offspring developed little, if any, atherosclerosis. This implies that monocyte differentiation into macrophages is a necessary step in the development of atherosclerosis. T cells as well as B cells can respond to athero-antigens such as oxidized LDL and heat shock proteins. The predominant T cell subtype in atherosclerotic lesions, the CD4⫹ Th1 cell, responds to antigenic challenge by releasing proinflammatory cytokines including interferon-␥, tumor necrosis factor–␣ and lymphotoxin.1 ApoE⫺/⫺ mice that lack adaptive immunity, ie, T and B cells, develop significantly less atherosclerosis than immunocompetent apoE⫺/⫺ mice (Table 1).5,6 Reconstitution of such apoE⫺/⫺⫻SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with CD4⫹ T cells increases atherosclerosis dramatically.6 This indicates that the CD4⫹ T cell subset contains proatherogenic immunity. Additional evidence suggests that such proatherogenic activity is exerted at least partly through secretion of the cytokine, interferon-␥. ApoE⫺/⫺ mice that lack interferon-␥ or its receptor develop significantly smaller lesions, implying a proatherogenic role for this cytokine.7,8 Interferon-␥ has also From the Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Correspondence to Göran K. Hansson, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Building 8:03, Karolinska Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail [email protected] (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:523-524.) © 2002 American Heart Association, Inc. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. is available at http://www.atvbaha.org DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000015098.68671.1C 523 524 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. April 2002 Effect of Immune Defects and Immune Cell Transfer on Lesion Development in Vascular Disease Models Model Balloon injury in rats Immunophenotype Cell Transfer T cell–deficient (nude) T cell–deficient (nude) T cells Effect on Lesions Reference 1 13 2 13 ApoE⫻Rag-1 mice, atherosclerosis T⫹B cell–deficient 2 5 ApoE⫻SCID mice, atherosclerosis T⫹B cell–deficient 2 6 ApoE⫻SCID mice, atherosclerosis T⫹B cell–deficient CD4⫹ T cells 1 6 ApoE mice, atherosclerosis Immunocompetent B cells 2 2 Rag-1 mice, cuff injury T⫹B cell–deficient 1 3 Rag-1 mice, cuff injury T⫹B cell–deficient 2 3 Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on June 18, 2017 destabilize atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting the formation of smooth muscle caps. In their study, Dimayuga et al3 attempted to protect the immunodeficient mice by infusing B cells from immunocompetent mice 48 hours before injury. This procedure had a remarkable effect on the lesions, which did not develop beyond the size of those in immunocompetent animals. In other words, B cell transfer reduced lesions ⬇3- to 4-fold. The protective effect could be demonstrated even under conditions when lesion formation was accelerated by a high-fat diet. The mechanism by which B cells reduce neointimal formation remains unclear. The authors speculate that IgM antibodies might mediate the protective effect. A previous study from the same group showed a protective effect on neointimal hyperplasia by immunization with Ox-LDL14 and it could be speculated that antibodies to this antigen may inhibit neointimal formation. However, the mechanism by which such protection might operate is unknown. One can envisage how antibodies to Ox-LDL could protect against atherosclerosis by eliminating oxidized lipoprotein particles from the circulation or preventing their uptake by macrophages. In contrast, it is difficult to see how anti–Ox-LDL antibodies might prevent neointimal hyperplasia. Because the antigens are not known in this condition, it is unclear how antibodies could protect against neointimal post-injury hyperplasia. The alternative possibility should also be considered that B cells themselves can inhibit lesion formation either by cell-cell contact or by secreting a factor other than an immunoglobulin. It will obviously be important to test whether immunoglobulin preparations or specific antibodies can affect neointimal proliferation. Similarly, they should be tested in models of atherosclerosis to follow up the report of B cell protection in this disease. Although several questions remain, the two articles by Caligiuri et al2 and Dimayuga et al3 put B cells in the limelight of vascular research for the first time. And after the identification of one bad guy after another, it is about time for a good guy to appear on the scene. B cells References 1. Hansson GK. Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1876 –90. 2. Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Poirier B, Hansson GK. Protective immunity carried by B cells of hypercholesterolemic mice. J Clin Invest. 2002; 109:745–753. 3. Dimayuga P, Cercek B, Oguchi S, Nordin Fredriksson G, Yano J, Shah PK, Jovinge S, Nilsson J. Inhibitory effect on arterial injury-induced neointimal formation by adoptive B-cell transfer in Rag-1 knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:644 – 649. 4. Smith JD, Trogan E, Ginsberg M, Grigaux C, Tian J, Miyata M. Decreased atherosclerosis in mice deficient in both macrophage colonystimulating factor (op) and apolipoprotein E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:8264 – 8268. 5. Dansky HM, Charlton SA, Harper MM, Smith JD. T and B lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4642– 4646. 6. Zhou X, Nicoletti A, Elhage R, Hansson GK. Transfer of CD4(⫹) T cells aggravates atherosclerosis in immunodeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circulation. 2000;102:2919 –2922. 7. Gupta S, Pablo AM, Jiang X-C, Wang N, Tall AR, Schindler C. IFN-␥ potentiates atherosclerosis in apoE knock-out mice. J Clin Invest. 1997; 99:2752–2561. 8. Whitman SC, Ravisankar P, Elam H, Daugherty A. Exogenous interferon-gamma enhances atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E⫺/⫺ mice. Am J Pathol. 2000;157:1819 –1824. 9. Tellides G, Tereb DA, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Kim RW, Wilson JH, Schechner JS, Lorber MI, Prober JS. Interferon-gamma elicits arteriosclerosis in the absence of leukocytes. Nature. 2000;403:207–211. 10. Palinski W, Miller E, Witztum JL. Immunization of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient rabbits with homologous malondialdehyde-modified LDL reduces atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:821– 825. 11. Zhou X, Caligiuri G, Hamsten A, Lefvert AK, Hansson GK. Protection against atherosclerosis by LDL immunization is associated with T cell dependent IgG antibodies in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:108 –114. 12. Nicoletti A, Kaveri S, Caligiuri G, Bariety J, Hansson GK. Immunoglobulin treatment reduces atherosclerosis in apo E knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:910 –918. 13. Hansson GK, Holm J, Holm S, Fotev Z, Hedrich HJ, Fingerle J. T lymphocytes inhibit the vascular response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:10530 –10534. 14. Nilsson J, Calara F, Regnström J, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Ameli S, Cercek B, Shah PK. Immunization with homologous oxidized low density lipoprotein reduces neointimal formation after balloon injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1886 –1891. Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on June 18, 2017 The B Cell: A Good Guy in Vascular Disease? Göran K. Hansson Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:523-524 doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000015098.68671.1C Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Copyright © 2002 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 1079-5642. Online ISSN: 1524-4636 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/22/4/523 Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. 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