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• Chapter 5 • Digestive System and Nutrition • The Digestive Tract • Roof of the mouth composed of two parts. Anterior ____________. Posterior ____________. • Tonsils help protect against infection. • Three pairs of salivary glands send fluids through ducts to the mouth. • The Digestive Tract • Teeth ___________________________________ • ___________________________________. – Each tooth has two main divisions. _______________. _______________. • Tongue mixes chewed food with saliva and forms a bolus in preparation for swallowing. • The Pharynx • The pharynx receives air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth. – Swallowing is a ___________________ that occurs in the pharynx. Soft palate moves to close off nasopharynx, and the trachea moves under the ________________ to cover the glottis. • The Esophagus • The esophagus______________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________. – Rhythmic _____________ pushes food along the digestive tract. – Sphincters ________________________ __________________________________. • The Wall of the Digestive Tract • Layers. – Mucosa - _________________________. – Submucosa - ______________________. – Muscularis - _______________________. – Serosa - _________________________. • The Stomach • Stomach ___________________________. – Columnar epithelial lining releases gastric juice containing enzyme ___________. – Walls of stomach have folds which help churn and mix food and gastric juices. Chyme _________________________ ________________________________ • The Small Intestine • The small intestine ___________________ ____________________________________. – Receives _____ from liver to emulsify fat. – Walls contain ____________ which increase surface area for absorption. Nutrients are eventually transported into the cardiovascular system and fats are transported into the lymphatic system. • The Large Intestine • The large intestine ________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________. – Colon. Ascending __________________________. Transverse __________________________. Descending _________________________. Sigmoid ____________________________. – Rectum. – Anus. • The Large Intestine • Polyps _____________________________ ____________________________________. – May increase likelihood of colon cancer. Can be removed surgically. • ________ is caused by infection of the lower intestinal tract and nervous stimulation, and results in increased peristalysis. • __________________ can be caused by a lack of water and fiber, and leads to dry, hard feces. • Three Accessory Organs • The pancreas _______________________ ____________________________________. • The liver ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________. – Disorders. Jaundice. Cirrhosis. • The ________________ stores excess bile. • Nutrition • The body requires three major classes of micronutrients to supply energy and optimum cellular metabolism. – _____________________________. – _____________________________. – _____________________________. • Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are digested to simple sugars, which are, or can be converted to, _____________________. – Quickest, most readily absorbed source of energy for the body. – Complex carbohydrates should make up the bulk of the diet. • Proteins • Adequate protein formation requires ___________ different amino acids, including _________ essential amino acids. – Body is unable to produce ___________ amino acids. – Amino acids are not stored in the body, and thus a daily supply is needed. • Lipids • Fat and cholesterol are both lipids. – Intake of fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Plaque deposits contain ___________ ________________________________. For optimal cardiovascular health, less than _______of calories should come from fat and less than ________ from saturated fat. • Vitamins and Antioxidants • ____________ are inorganic compounds used by the body for metabolic purposes, but cannot be produced in adequate quantities. – _______________ are vitamins that defend the body against free radicals. Molecules that carry an extra electron. • Minerals • The body also requires minerals. – Macrominerals are present at a minimal level of 5 grams each. Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chloride. – Microminerals are present at levels under 5 grams each. Iodine, Copper, Mangenese, Zinc, Iron. – Calcium and Sodium • ______________ counteracts osteoporosis and generally strengthens bones. • ____________ helps maintain osmotic balance, but too much sodium can intensify hypertension. • Eating Disorders • Obesity. – Most often defined as body weight _____ or more above ideal weight. Most likely caused by a combination of _______________________________ ________________________________. Increases risk of heart disease. • Eating Disorders • _______________________. – Habit of eating to excess and then purging by artificial means. Alters blood composition leading to heart rhythm problems and kidney damage. • _______________________. – Morbid fear of gaining weight. Self-induced starvation. • Review • The Digestive Tract • – Mouth – Pharynx – Esophagus – Stomach – Small Intestine – Large Intestine – Accessory Organs Nutrition