Download Chapter 5 Digestive System and Nutrition The Digestive Tract Roof

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Chapter 5
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Digestive System and Nutrition
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The Digestive Tract
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Roof of the mouth composed of two parts.
 Anterior ____________.
 Posterior ____________.
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Tonsils help protect against infection.
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Three pairs of salivary glands send fluids through ducts to the mouth.
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The Digestive Tract
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Teeth ___________________________________
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___________________________________.
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Each tooth has two main divisions.
 _______________.
 _______________.
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Tongue mixes chewed food with saliva and forms a bolus in preparation for swallowing.
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The Pharynx
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The pharynx receives air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth.
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Swallowing is a ___________________ that occurs in the pharynx.
 Soft palate moves to close off nasopharynx, and the trachea moves under
the ________________ to cover the glottis.
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The Esophagus
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The esophagus______________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
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Rhythmic _____________ pushes food along the digestive tract.
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Sphincters ________________________
__________________________________.
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The Wall of the Digestive Tract
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Layers.
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Mucosa - _________________________.
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Submucosa - ______________________.
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Muscularis - _______________________.
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Serosa - _________________________.
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The Stomach
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Stomach ___________________________.
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Columnar epithelial lining releases gastric juice containing enzyme ___________.
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Walls of stomach have folds which help churn and mix food and gastric juices.
 Chyme _________________________
________________________________
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The Small Intestine
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The small intestine ___________________
____________________________________.
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Receives _____ from liver to emulsify fat.
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Walls contain ____________ which increase surface area for absorption.
 Nutrients are eventually transported into the cardiovascular system and
fats are transported into the lymphatic system.
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The Large Intestine
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The large intestine ________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________.
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Colon.
 Ascending __________________________.
 Transverse __________________________.
 Descending _________________________.
 Sigmoid ____________________________.
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Rectum.
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Anus.
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The Large Intestine
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Polyps _____________________________
____________________________________.
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May increase likelihood of colon cancer.
 Can be removed surgically.
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________ is caused by infection of the lower intestinal tract and nervous stimulation, and
results in increased peristalysis.
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__________________ can be caused by a lack of water and fiber, and leads to dry, hard
feces.
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Three Accessory Organs
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The pancreas _______________________
____________________________________.
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The liver ___________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
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Disorders.
 Jaundice.
 Cirrhosis.
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The ________________ stores excess bile.
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Nutrition
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The body requires three major classes of micronutrients to supply energy and optimum
cellular metabolism.
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_____________________________.
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_____________________________.
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_____________________________.
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are digested to simple sugars, which are, or can be converted to,
_____________________.
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Quickest, most readily absorbed source of energy for the body.
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Complex carbohydrates should make up the bulk of the diet.
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Proteins
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Adequate protein formation requires ___________ different amino acids, including
_________ essential amino acids.
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Body is unable to produce ___________ amino acids.
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Amino acids are not stored in the body, and thus a daily supply is needed.
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Lipids
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Fat and cholesterol are both lipids.
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Intake of fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
 Plaque deposits contain ___________
________________________________.
 For optimal cardiovascular health, less than _______of calories should
come from fat and less than ________ from saturated fat.
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Vitamins and Antioxidants
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____________ are inorganic compounds used by the body for metabolic purposes, but
cannot be produced in adequate quantities.
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_______________ are vitamins that defend the body against free radicals.
 Molecules that carry an extra electron.
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Minerals
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The body also requires minerals.
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Macrominerals are present at a minimal level of 5 grams each.
 Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chloride.
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Microminerals are present at levels under 5 grams each.
 Iodine, Copper, Mangenese, Zinc, Iron.
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Calcium and Sodium
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______________ counteracts osteoporosis and generally strengthens bones.
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____________ helps maintain osmotic balance, but too much sodium can intensify
hypertension.
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Eating Disorders
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Obesity.
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Most often defined as body weight _____ or more above ideal weight.
 Most likely caused by a combination of
_______________________________
________________________________.
 Increases risk of heart disease.
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Eating Disorders
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_______________________.
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Habit of eating to excess and then purging by artificial means.
 Alters blood composition leading to heart rhythm problems and kidney
damage.
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_______________________.
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Morbid fear of gaining weight.
 Self-induced starvation.
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Review
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The Digestive Tract
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Mouth
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Pharynx
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Esophagus
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Stomach
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Small Intestine
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Large Intestine
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Accessory Organs
Nutrition