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Unit #2 Study Guide Biology 211 (2) Week 3 Beginning of Chapter 33! ! VOCABULARY (Define each term in your own words) ! Acoelomate: An animal that lacks an internal body cavity Blastopore: An opening (pore)in the surface of some early embryos, through which cells move during gastrulation Bilateral symmetry: Cleavage: mitotic one plane of symmetry cell division without cell growth and no change in cell size Coelom: a fluidfilled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall with the mesoderm Central nervous system (CNS): Large number of neurons aggregated into clusters called ganglia; vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord Choanoflagellates: protists that are close living relatives to animals Deuterostome: Pattern of embryonic development of anus first Diploblasts: Animals that have two types of tissue Ectoderm: gives rise to Endoderm: gives skin and nervous rise to the lining system of the digestive tract Coelomate: An animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm Gastrulation: a Germ layers: three basic rearrangement types of tissue formed of the embryo; during gastrulation folds into the blastocoel, formation of layers (i.e. germ layers) Mesoderm: gives rise to the circulatory system, muscles, and internal structures such as bones and organs Neural net: A nervous system in which neurons are diffuse instead of being clustered into large ganglia or tracts; found in cnidarian and ctenophores Protostome: Pattern of embryonic development, mouth first Radial symmetry:At least two planes of symmetry Sessile: adults live permanently attached to a substrate Triploblasts: Animals that have three types of tissues ! ! ! Pseudocoelomate: An animal that has a coelom that is only partially lined with mesoderm Unit #2 Study Guide KEY CONCEPTS (Answer each question completely and in your own words) ! ! 1. Approximately how many different animal species are alive on Earth currently. How many those species have been described and given scientific names? a. May be as high as 100-200 million animal species on Earth currently b. Only about 1.3 million have been described/named 2. List at least three characteristics of animals. What is a key difference between animals and fungi? a. All animals are multicellular i. Lack cell walls but have an Extracellular matrix (ECM) which is made of collagen and holds structures together b. All animals are heterotrophs i. They obtain carbon from other organisms ii. Most ingest, rather than absorb unlike fungus c. Obtain nutrition through ingestion d. Animals ingest their food, while fungi absorb it 3. What evidence is there that multicellularity originated in a sponge-like animal? What protist is the closest relative to animals? a. The closest relative is choanoflagellates b. Sponges are the earliest animals to appear in fossil record more than 600 million years ago c. Sponges are sessile and feed in a similar way to choanoflagellates (the beating of flagella creates water currents that bring organic debris toward the feeding cells) d. Choanoflagellates form colonies and some biologists once considered sponges to be colonies of single-celled protists 4. Compare and contrast choanoflagellates and sponges. What structure(s) are found in sponges, but not choanoflagellates? How do these organisms feed? How do they move? a. Spicules and epithelium layer are found in sponges, but not choanoflagellates. b. Both feed using flagella currents with cells (Sponges feeding cell=choanocyte) c. Both are sessile Unit #2 Study Guide 5. What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers called? What adult tissues are formed from each of these 3 layers? a. In diploblasts there are the ectoderm and endoderm layers b. In tripoblasts there are there layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm i. Derm=skin, ecto=outer, endo=inner, meso=middle ii. Ectoderm gives rise to skin and nervous system iii. Endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract iv. Mesoderm gives rise to the circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs. 6. Compare and contrast bilateral and radial symmetry. Give examples of animals of each type of symmetry. Which type of symmetry is most common in sessile animals? a. Radial symmetry is identical all of the way around, while bilateral symmetry has left and right sides/front and back. b. Radial symmetry is found in diploblastic animals, such as jellyfish, found in sessile animals. c. Bilateral symmetry is found in triploblastic animals and leads to cephalization (the formation of the head) 7. Compare the nervous system found in sponges, cnidarians and earthworms. Can you train a jellyfish? Why or why not? a. Sponges generally lack both nerve cells and symmetry b. Cnidarians have a nerve net, which is able to sense something instantly, but it is a stimulus response. Cannot learn with nerve net, so they cannot be trained. c. Earthworms have a central nervous system (CNS) and are able to learn 8. What is a coelom? Draw a cross section of an acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate animal. a. The coelom is a fluid filled cavity between the inner and outer tube that is completely surrounded by the mesoderm. Unit #2 Study Guide 9. Compare and contrast protostome and deuterostome development from zygote to gastrulation. Does the blastopore become the mouth or the anus in a protostome animal? a. Protostomes: the mouth develops before the anus and blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form the coelom b. Deuterostomes: The anus develops before the mouth and pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form the coelom ! 10. From the beginning of the zygote formation, list and explain the actions that occur to eventually form the gastrula. a. Zygote (fertilized egg) —> Cleavage (mitotic cell division w/o cell growth)—> Blastula (has blastocoel)—> Gastrulation (rearrangement of embryo, folds into the blastocoel and forms germs layers)—> Gastrula (has blastopore) Unit #2 Study Guide 11. What are the two major protostome clades? a. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa 12. In protostome animals, the blastopore becomes the _______ of the digestive system, and the cleavage is _______ and _________. a. mouth; spiral; determinate 13. In deuterostome animals, the blastopore becomes the _______ of the digest system, and the cleavage is ______ and ________. a. anus; radial; indeterminate ! ! 14. Describe the difference between cleavage that is determinate and cleavage that is indeterminate. a. Determinate cleavage involves the removal of cells, and cells that are already specified on what type of cell they are going to be. b. Indeterminate cells are similar to a blank slate and are not yet specified on what type of cell they are going to be.