Download To use a range of vocabulary and sentence structures for clarity

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To use a range of
vocabulary and sentence
structures for clarity,
purpose and effect,
with accurate spelling
and punctuation.
It helps if you
read like a writer
Can you:
identify and comment on the structure
and organisation of your present
text, including grammatical and
presentational features?
explain and comment on the
writer’s use of language, including
grammatical and literary features
at word and sentence level?
identify and comment on the
writer’s purposes and viewpoints,
and the overall effect of the
text on the reader?
Number 1:
To use a range of
vocabulary
nouns
A noun can be
proper, common
or abstract.
Get it right!
A proper noun starts
with a capital letter.
Determiners before nouns place a limit
e.g. some, this, a, an, two
pronouns
A pronoun
is used in place
of the noun.
I, you, she, he,
it, we, they, this
adjectives
An adjective
describes
the noun.
It can also be comparative
(bigger, higher) or superlative
(biggest, highest)
verbs
A verb is
in every
sentence.
Verbs are being, having
and doing words.
Get it right!
They change according to when they
happen (past, present or future).
conjunctions
A conjunction
joins up ideas.
and, however, because,
whereas, next, such as
intensifier
emphasises
another word
or phrase
extremely, strongly,
unusually or exceptionally
adverbs
An adverb
gives more
information.
It describes verbs,
adjectives or other adverbs.
They often end in -ly
such as (brightly)
Common
pronouns
he
you
I
her
him
you
me
Object
Pronoun
her
his
your
my
Possessive
Adjective
hers
his
yours
mine
Possessive
Pronoun
herself
himself
yourself
myself
Reflexive
Pronoun
Subject Pronoun
she
More common
pronouns
you
we
it
them
you
us
it
Object
Pronoun
their
your
our
its
Possessive
Adjective
theirs
yours
ours
its
Possessive
Pronoun
themselves
yourselves
ourselves
itself
Reflexive
Pronoun
Subject Pronoun
they
When to use a
conjunction
adding
and
as well as
in addition
furthermore
also
exceptions
however
even though
except
although
unless
if / even if
cause &
effect
because
for
so
therefore
thus
comparing
equally
in the same way
similarly
time
when
while
since
whenever
meanwhile
until
contrasting
whereas
alternatively
yet
instead of
but
on the other
hand
putting
in order
next
firstly
after
then
finally
afterwards
giving
examples
for example
such as
for instance
emphasising
above all
particularly
especially
in particular
Use a Thesaurus to find more...
Number 2:
To use a range of
sentences
They must be
different lengths and
different structures!
simple
sentences
A simple
sentence contains
only one verb,
but it can be long
or short.
A sentence using subordinating
or co-ordinating conjunctions
is useful for adding or explaining
your thoughts.
A complex
sentence using
a subordinate
clause gives more
information.
complex
sentences
To use a range of
sentences
Vary the order of clauses
in your sentence to change the
emphasis around your thinking.
A question?
?
?
?
?
A command starts
with an imperative verb.
exclamation
An exclamation
conveys a
sense of emotion!
Number 3:
To use sentences
for effect
Always design your sentences
for the effect you want.
short
sentences
Short sentences can be used to
create suspense and tension,
or to give factual statements.
long
sentences
Long sentences can be used for
more detailed descriptions.
To use sentences
for effect
Using the active or passive
voice to write your sentences
draws attention to
different things.
Active
voice
Blood carries
food and oxygen.
Passive
voice
Food and oxygen are
carried by blood.
Number 4:
To use accurate
punctuation
.
Full stop
A full stop marks the end of your sentence.
The next sentence starts with a capital letter.
,
Comma
A comma in a sentence makes things
clearer for your reader. A comma in a
list saves you from repeating and.
“”
Speech
marks
Use speech marks when you are writing
dialogue. Put the speech marks at the
beginning and end of the direct speech,
and the right punctuation mark inside
the speech mark.
Speech marks can also be used
to quote someone else’s words.
Question
mark
?
A question mark is used at the end
of a question.
Exclamation
mark
!
An exclamation mark is used
to show emotion.
’
Apostrophe
An apostrophe shows who owns something,
or where letters have been missed out
(a contracted apostrophe)
Colon
:
A colon introduces a list or quotation,
or can replace the phrase ‘and that is’.
;
Semi-colon
A semi colon can be used instead of a full
stop when you want to hint that one
statement explains another.
Dashes
-
Brackets
()
Parenthetic
commas
,,
All three of these types of
punctuation are used to surround
information that is not essential.
Brackets can also be used as an aside
to the reader. Commas used in
parenthesis usually repeat the same
information in a different way.
...
Ellipsis
The three dots show where words have been left
out. They are useful for leaving out irrelevant
parts of a quotation when writing a news story.
They can also be used to build tension in story
writing by showing a pause in dialogue or
narrative, or a character trailing off...
Paragraphs
(use cohesive devices to link your thinking)
A paragraph is a section of
writing, always around one
idea, within your text.
1
Start a new
paragraph when
you change what
you are writing
about – place, time,
character.
2
Use an introductory
sentence, then
develop it.
3
Link paragraphs with time
references or adverbials so
that the readers can follow the
thread of your thinking.
Number 5:
To spell
accurately
Examples of ways to spell...
Understand the
meaning of the word
Porous rock has spaces between particles
(use a mind map to help work out the
definition, look for Latin or Greek roots)
Split the word into
syllables or clap it
wa/ter/falls
me/an/ders
ox/bow
Think of
the pattern
-tion endings mean a process: percolation
- cian endings are to do with jobs : musician
- sion endings after stems that end
in –d: expand/ expansion
Examples of ways to spell...
Use the
root word
Faith:
faithful, faithfully, unfaithful, unfaithfully
Practise the spelling
rules from 'I am learning'
Practise spelling all the key words
you need for your GCSE.
Use a
dictionary
Write it down and check if you are right
Make up your
memory hook
GEOGRAPHY
Gary Eats Old Grey Rats
And Paints House Yellow
Common
Greek roots
Greek Root
Definition
Example
anthropo
man; human
anthropologist
auto
self
autobiography
bio
life
biology
chron
time
chronological
dyna
power
dynamic
dys
bad; hard; unlucky
dysfunctional
gram
thing written
telegram
graph
writing
graphic
hetero
different
heterogenous
homo
same
homogenous
hydr
water
hydration
hyper
over; above; beyond
hyperactive
hypo
below; beneath
hypothermia
logy
study of
psychology
meter/metr
measure
perimeter
micro
small
microscope
mis/miso
hate
misanthrope
mono
one
monologue
morph
form; shape
morphing
nym
name
synonym
phil
love
philosophy
phobia
fear
claustrophobia
photo/phos
light
photograph
pseudo
false
pseudonym
psycho
soul; spirit
psychic
scope
viewing instrument
telescope
techno
art; science; skill
technological
tele
far off
telephone
therm
heat
thermal
Common
Latin roots
Latin Root
Definition
Example
ambi
both
ambiguous
aqua
water
aquarium
aud
to hear
audience
bene
good
benevolent
cent
one hundred
century
circum
around
circumference
contra/counter
against
contradict
dict
to say
dictation
duc/duct
to lead
conduct
fac
to do; to make
factory
form
shape
reform
fort
strength
fortress
fract
break
fracture
ject
throw
projection
jud
judge
prejudice
mal
bad
malevolent
mater
mother
maternal
mit
to send
transmit
mort
death
mortal
multi
many
multimedia
pater
father
paternal
port
to carry
portable
rupt
to break
bankrupt
scrib/script
to write
inscription
sect/sec
to cut
section
sent
to feel; to send
consent
spect
to look
spectator
struct
to build
restructure
vid/vis
to see
video
voc
voice; to call
vocalise
Common
Prefixes
Prefix
Definition
Example
anti-
against
anticlimax
de-
opposite
devalue
dis-
not; opposite of
discover
en-, em-
cause to
enact
empower
fore-
before; front of
foreshadow
forearm
in-, im-
in
income
impulse
in-, im-, il-, ir-
not
indirect
immoral
illiterate
irreverent
inter-
between; among
interrupt
mid-
middle
midfield
mis-
wrongly
misspell
non-
not
nonviolent
over-
over; too much
overeat
pre-
before
preview
re-
again
rewrite
semi-
half; partly; not fully
semifinal
sub-
under
subway
super-
above; beyond
superhuman
trans-
across
transmit
un-
not; opposite of
unusual
under-
under; too little
underestimate
Common
Suffixes
Suffix
Definition
Example
-able, -ible
is; can be
affordable
-al, -lal
having
characteristics of
universal
facial
-ed
past tense verbs;
adjectives
the dog
walked
-en
made of
golden
-er, -or
one who; person
connected with
teacher
professor
-er
more
taller
-est
the most
tallest
-ful
full of
helpful
-ic
having
characteristics of
poetic
-ing
verb forms;
present participles
sleeping
-ion, -tion,
-ation, -ition
act; process
submission
motion
-ity, -ty
state of
activity
-ive, -ative,
-itive
adjective form
of noun
active
sensitive
-less
without
hopeless
-ly
how something is
lovely
-ment
state of being;
act of
contentment
-ness
state of;
condition of
openness
-ous, -eous,
-ious
having
qualities of
courageous
gracious
-s, -es
more than one
trains
-y
characterised by
gloomy