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SMALLPOX: ALSO KNOW AS VARIOLA OR VARIOLA VERA (from the Latin). HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE THAT EMERGED IN HUMANS THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO. DURING THE 20th CENTURY RESPONSIBLE FOR 300 to 500 MILLION DEATHS. FAMOUS VICTIMS OF THE DISEASE INCLUDE: RAMESSES V SHUNZHI EMPEROR OF CHINA MARY 11 OF ENGLAND LOUIS XV OF FRANCE PETER 11 OF RUSSIA ANNE OF CLEVES (HENRY V111s) FOURTH WIFE ELIZABETH 1 OF ENGLAND ABRAHAM LINCOLN JOSEPH STALIN VIRUS CHARACTERISTICS DNA ds POXIVIRIDAE TWO VIRUS VARIANTS: VARIOLA major IS THE MORE VIRULENT FORM WITH A TYPICAL MORTALITY OF 20 to 40%. VARIOLA minor KILLS ABOUT 1% OF VICTIMS. SURVIVORS OF SMALL POX CAN BE LEFT BLIND FORM CORNEAL ULCERATION AND SEVERE DISFIGUREMENT FROM POCKMARKS. PATH OF INFECTION: SMALLPOX IS NOT VERY INFECTIOUS IN THE PRODROMAL PERIOD. VIRAL SHEDDING OCCURS WITHT THE APPEARANCE OF THE RASH. TRANSMISSION IS A RISK OF PROLONGED SOCIAL CONTACT, DIRECT CONTACT WITH BODY FLUIDS OR CONTAMINATED OBJECTS eg: the British army gave Delaware Indians contaminated blankets during the Pontiac’s Rebellion in 1763. Also introduction of the disease into South America destroyed the Aztec and Inca Empires leading to the Spanish conquest. INCUBATION TAKES ABOUT 12 DAYS VIRUS MOVES FORM CELL TO CELL AND HAS A PREFERENCE FOR SKIN CELLS OTHER SYMPTOMS ARE: FLU LIKE, FEVER, MUSCLE PAIN, STOMACH ACHES & VOMITING. AS INFECTED CELLS LYSE THE VIRUS ENTERS THE BLOOD STREAM BY DAY 12 TO 15 THE DAMAGE TO SKIN CELLS IS SO EXTENSIVE THAT THE INFECTION BECOMES OBVIOUS PIMPLES ERUPT IN THE MOUTH THEN ARMS & HANDS BY DAY 16 THE PIMPLES GROW INTO VESICLES WITH A CLEAR FLUID THAT SLOWLY FILL WITH PUS (PUSTULES). THE SKIN LESIONS TAKE TWO FORMS: IN ‘DISCRETE’ ORDINARY SMALLPOX THE PUSTULES STAND OUT-there is a greater chance of surviving this form. IN ‘CONFLUENT’SMALLPOX THE BLISTERS MERGE TOGETHER INTO SHEETS THAT DETACH THE OUTER LAYER OF THE SKIN FROM THE UNDERLYING FLESHthis form is usually fatal. BY THE 28th. DAY IF THE PATIENT SURVIVES THE SKIN LESIONS DEFLATE, DRY UP AND START TO FLAKE OFF. PATIENT IS CONSIDERED TO BE NO LONGER CONTAGIOUS WHEN ALL OF THE SCABS HAVE FALLEN OFF THE HAEMORRHAGIC FORM OF THE DISEASE HAS A MORTALITY OF 96%. IN THIS FORM THE SKIN DOES NOT BLISTER AND BLEEDING OCCURS UNDER THE SKIN WHICH STARTS TO LOOK BLACK (BLACK POX) THE EYES HAEMORRHAGE, SO THE SCLERA LOOKS RED AND EVENTUALLY BLACK. BLEEDING OCCURS IN VITAL ORGANS INCLUDING THE BRAIN MASSIVE LOSS OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTES LOSS OF THE SKIN / MUCOUS BARRIER CAUSES OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AND MULTI ORGAN FAILURE. DUE TO FULMINATING SEPSIS. DEATH RATE IS 3 TO 25%