Download Ch 1 Hydrocarbons

LECTURE 1
SYLLABUS FOR FIRST CLASS
2013-2014
MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIKRIT UNIVERSITY
MANDATORY CLASS: 1ST
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Teaching scheme: 2 hours lecture per week
CH 122
Credits: 6
Course description
Is an introduction to organic chemistry, focusing primarily on the
basic principles to understand the structure and reactivity of organic
molecules. Emphasis is on substitution and elimination reactions and
chemistry of the carbonyl group. The course also provides an
introduction to the chemistry of aromatic compounds.
Objective
• To impart the basic concepts of organic chemistry
• To develop understanding about concepts on organic reactions for
analysis of unit
processes
Specific learning outcome
The mechanisms can be described in terms of electron shifts,
Radical substitution vice versa of alkanes. The physical properties
will be explained in terms of the intermolecular forces.
TOPICS
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NO
Topics
Hours
1
Introduction for Hydrocarbons
2
2 electronic orbitals of carbon compounds, saturated hydrocarbon compound
,unsaturated compounds, aromatic compounds cyclic compound
10
3
cracking
4
4
Featured reactions: oxidation and combustion, added, replacement,
nitrification halogenated. The Grignard reagent Friedel-Craft, Simon Smith, Swartz,
polymerization
4
5
Halides: Halogenation operations hydrocarbon compound ways ionic or free
radicals, added, replacement
4
6
Alcohols and phenols: hydrolysis processes for halides
6
7
Ethers: Williamson, operations, replacement
4
8
aldehyde and ketones
6
9
Featured reactions
4
10 Carboxylic acids and important derivatives
4
11 Featured reactions to form organic salts, esters, amino acids, amides
6
12 Amines and some important derivatives
6
GRADING
No.
Assessment
Number %
each
% total
Theoretical
1
Homework (HW),
Quizzes(Q
2
TEST 1
1
7.5 %
7.5
3
TEST 2
1
7.5 %
7.5
4
TEST 3
1
7.5 %
7.5
5
TEST 4
1
7.5 %
7.5
6
Final Exam (F)
1
50%
50
Theoretical Total
5
85
Dates
PRACTICAL
No. Assessment
Number
% each
% total
Report for all
Experiences
5%
5
TEST 1
2.5%
2.5
TEST 2
2.5%
2.5
Final Exam
5%
5
Practical Total
Overall Total ( Theoretical + Practical)
15
100
Dates
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Percentage of change: 20%
 Text
Book:
Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol. I and II, ELBS
 References:
 1. Morrison & Boyd, Organic Chemistry, PrenticeHall of India 2. Bahl&Bahl, Advanced Organic Chemistry, S.
Chand
 3. Sony, P.L., Organic Chemistry, S. Chand
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TU Examination Pattern (Maximum Marks -30)
PART A: preparation the following compounds 6X1
mark-6 marks
PART B: naming the following compounds 6X1 mark- 6
marks
PART C:drow structure for the following compounds
6X1 mark -6marks
PART D : defined the following compounds 6X1 mark6marks
Part E : show the converter the following compounds
6X1 mark-6marks
HYDROCARBONS
OBJECTIVES
1. What is organic chemistry? In general, how do organic
compounds differ from inorganic compounds?
2. Why are there so many more organic compounds than
inorganic compounds?
3. What are hydrocarbons? What structural features identify
alkanes? Alkenes? Alkynes? Aromatic hydrocarbons?
4. How are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons named using IUPAC nomenclature?
5. What are the physical and chemical properties of alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons?
objectives
OBJECTIVES
6. What is an alkyl group?
7. What are some products from reactions of alkanes? How are
they formed?
8. What are the major reactions of alkenes? What are the
products of those reactions?
9. What are polymers? How are they formed and utilized?
10. What is petroleum and how is it utilized?
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chemistry of compounds that contain carbon
Combine mainly with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Over 10 million compounds made with these 4 elements
95% of compounds contain carbon
Form stable, covalent bonds with each other
PROPERTIES
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Organic (Benzene)
Low melting pts
Low boiling pts
Low solubility in water
Highly flammable
Nonconductive
Covalent bonds
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Inorganic (NaCl)
High melting pts
High boiling pts
Soluble in water
Nonflammable
Conductive
Ionic bonds
HYDROCARBONS
Compounds containing only two elements
Carbon and hydrogen
Alkanes: Structures and Names
Objectives
Identify an alkane
Determine what an isomer of an alkane is
Identify different types of alkanes
ALKANES
Saturated Hydrocarbons
 Called saturated because each carbon is
bonded to four other atoms
 Only single bonds
 Methane
 Ethane
 Propane
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HOMOLOGY
Related compounds
 Homologs
 Have properties that vary in a regular and
predictable manner
 A manner of organization
 Similar to P.T.
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ISOMERS
Different compounds having the same
molecular formula
 Butane
 Isobutane (isolated branched chain)
 Pentane
 Isopentane
 Neopentane
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ISOMERS
ALKANES
CnH2n+2
 Representation
 Structural Formulas
 Condensed Structural Formulas
 Butane
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ALKYL GROUP
A group of atoms that results when one
hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane
 CnH2n+1
 Change –ane ending to –yl
 Methyl
 Ethyl
 Propyl
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IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Define IUPAC
 Examine the rules for IUPAC naming
 Determine the correct names of alkanes
 Geneva, Switzerland 1892
 International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
 IUPAC System of Nomenclature
 (isobutane, isopentane are common names)
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IUPAC RULES
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1. Name the longest chain
in the parent compound.
End in –ane. (Root name)
Number each carbon
See Example
2. Note the alkyl groups
attached
3. Number the carbon that
the group is attached to.
Must use the lowest
number possible.
See Example
IUPAC RULES CON’T
4. Use prefixes to indicate the amount of
attached groups
 See Example
 5. If there are more than two or more different
substituents, list them in alphabetical order. If
at equal points, lower alphabetical order given
lowest number
 See Example
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6. PREFIXES NOT INCLUDED IN
ALPHABETIZING
SEE EXAMPLE
NAME EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
NAME EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
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a. 3-ethylhexane
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b. 2,4-dimethylpentane
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c. 3-methylhexane
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d. 4-isopropylheptane
DRAW THE STRUCTURAL FORMULAS FOR EACH
OF THE FOLLOWING
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4-propylheptane
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3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
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3-isopropyl-3methyloctane
PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
Objectives
 Determine the physical and physiological
properties of alkanes
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