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GROUP B A1 REPOST
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms,
except the oxides and salts formed by the carbonate such as
carbonate acid and sodium carbonate which are mineral
compounds. Alongside these explains the properties and
structures of carbon. Carbon has 6 electrons, namely it has 4
valence electrons which are offered in order to create covalent
bonds. Covalent compounds formed by carbon are either polar or
non polar which depends on the bond that is formed between the
atoms. The fact that carbon has 4 valence electrons means it can
form up to a maximum of 4 bonds, which are single or double or
triple. Carbon also hybridizes its orbital and converts new ones of
equal energy in order to be able to form the necessary bonds. In
addition, carbon creates three types of hybrid orbitals, the sp,sp2
and sp3 .Furthermore, when carbon atoms form bonds with other
carbon atoms, a carbon chain forms, which is linear or branched.
According to the shape of carbon chain, we make the first
classification of carbonates in aromatic hydrocarbons which are
only unsaturated, (namely atoms forming double or triple bond)
and in aliphatic hydrocarbons that are saturated or unsaturated
compounds. Another differentiation may be based between the
functional groups of hydrocarbons, such as in alkanes that have
the general formula CνH2ν+2 and in the alkenes with general
formula CνH2ν-2. At the same time we have alcohols with the
functional groups hydroxyl radical which have the general formula
CνH2ν+2O. Next, another classification is based on isomerism of
carbon, containing compounds that are either isomerism
homologous series such as alcohols with ethers or structural
isomerism as butanoic acid with 2 - methyl propanoic acid. Also we
have structures of carbon that contain a variety of compounds,
depending on their stereoisomerism, namely the cis-trans
structure.
In conclusion, so many words have been spoken about organic
compounds, because of their frequently use in our lives such as
pharmaceuticals and polymers in plastic.
SOURCES
1)
2)
3)
4)
General Chemistry (Ebbing & Gammon)
Organic Chemistry (John McMurry)
Organic Chemistry (K.Manolkidis-K.Mpezas)
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A : structures and
Mechanisms (Francis A.Carey & Richard J. Sundberg)
5) Organic Chemistry (Paula Yukanis Bruice)