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1 Abiotic factor Acid precipitation Adaptive radiation Artificial selection Autotroph Biogeochemical cycle Competition Consumers Hit List - Biology Warm Up Vocabulary Nonliving parts of an organism’s environment; temperature, moisture, light and soil are examples Rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH below 7; causes deterioration of forest, lakes, statues, and buildings Divergent evolution in which ancestral species evolve into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats Process of breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with the same traits Organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients The exchanging of chemical elements between organisms and the abiotic environment Interaction among organisms that require the same resource. Heterotrophs in a biotic environment that feed on other organisms or organic wastes Organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead Decomposers organisms Interactions among populations in a community; the community’s physical 10 Ecosystem surroundings, or abiotic factors 11 Extinct When the last members of a species dies The trapping of heat in the Earth’s troposphere, caused by increased levels of carbon Greenhouse effect dioxide near the Earth’s surface; the carbon dioxide is believed to act like a glass in a greenhouse, allowing light to reach the Earth, but not allowing heat to escape Habitat degradation Damage to habitat by air, water, and land pollution Organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for Heterotroph energy and nutrients Organism formed from a symbiotic association between fungus and a photosynthetic Lichens green alga Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or Limiting factors distribution of organisms Mechanism for change in populations; occurs when organisms with certain variations Natural selection survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation Metabolic process in which bacteria use enzymes to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) Nitrogen fixation into ammonia (NH3 ) Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other Parasitism species Colonization of new land that is exposed by avalanches, volcanoes, or glaciers by 20 Primary succession pioneer organism 21 Producer Organism that uses the sun’s energy or chemical energy to make its own food Recycling Using something over Orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in ecosystem Succession communities over time Rachel Carson Ecology / wrote Silent Spring Behavior Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment Courtship behavior An instinctive behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating Estivation State of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat Geotropism Plants response to gravity Hibernation 30 Imprinting 31 Innate behavior Instinct Photoperiodism Phototropism Social behavior Territoriality Thigmotropism Trial and error learning Jane Goodall 40 Lorenz 41 Pavlov Active transport Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration ATP Cell Cell respiration Cell Wall Characteristics 50 Chemosynthesis 51 Chloroplasts Dehydration Diffusion Enzymes Glucose Hydrolysis Lactic acid Lipid State of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep though cold winter conditions; and animal’s temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines Learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object; usually occurs early in life and allows an animal to recognize its mother and others in its species An inherited, genetically based behavior in animals Complex innate behavior pattern that begins when an animal recognizes a stimulus and performs an action until all parts of the behavior have been formed Flowering plant response to differences in the length of day and night The growth responses of a plant to light Behavior among animals that live in groups composed of individuals that are dependent on one another and with whom they have evolve mechanisms of communication Physical space an animal defends against other members of its species; may contain an animal’s breeding area, feeding area, potential mates, or all three Changes in plant growth stimulated by contact with another object; ex. Vines climbing on a fence Type of learning in which an animal receives reward for making a particular response Studied Behaviors / chimps Introduced imprinting with baby geese Introduced classical conditioning with the use of dog- salivating to a bell Energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen Chemical reactions that do NOT require the presence of oxygen (Adenosine triphosphate) energy-storing molecule in cells; composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphates Basic unit of all organisms Chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP Firm, fairly rigid structure locate outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provides support and protection Traits of an organism Autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen Chlorophyll-containing cell organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists Loss of water in a reaction Net, random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Type of protein found in all living things that increases the rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts 6 carbon compound / sugar ; energy containing molecule Addition of water in a reaction It forms when oxygen is not available for the complete breakdown of glucose Organic compounds commonly called fats and oils; insoluble in water and used by cells for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes Eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transforms energy stored in food molecules into ATP Organic compound Compounds that contain Carbon Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the Osmosis concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane The removal of electrons from a compound during a chemical reaction. For a carbon Oxidation atom, the fewer the number of H bonded to a carbon, the greater the oxidation state of the atom. Movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no Passive transport energy to move to particles pH Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is Process by which autotrophs trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use the Photosynthesis energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars (glucose) Polymer Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together Polysaccharide A carbohydrate molecule consisting of monosaccharide units Nonmembrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where enzymes and other proteins are Ribosome assembled Membrane-bound fluid- filled space in the cytoplasm of plant cells used for the Vacuole temporary storage of materials Water Inorganic compound essential for life; makes up 70% of all living things Fleming Discovered penicillin (1928) Questioned spontaneous generation through experiments with maggots and flies Redi developing on decaying matter Proved that microorganisms appear only as contaminants from air and are not Pasteur spontaneously generated Hooke Discovered and named cells A procedure for obtaining fetal cells by withdrawing a sample of fluid that surrounds a Amniocentesis developing fetus using a hypodermic needle and syringe Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that recognizes and base pairs with a particular codon in Anticodon mRNA Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation Chromosomes to generation of cells Convergent Evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when evolution unrelated species occupy similar environments A mating between two individuals that differ in two genetically-determined traits; ex. Dihybrid cross Wrinkled & green X smooth & yellow Deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded polynucleotide comprised of deoxyribose DNA (sugar), phosphate, and 1 of 4 bases; genetic material in all organisms except certain viruses The pattern of DNA fragments produced after treating a sample of DNA with a DNA Fingerprinting particular restriction enzyme and separating the fragments by gel electrophoresis Dominant Observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait Genetic disorder in humans characterized by distinct facial appearance and mental Down syndrome retardation, resulting from an extra copy of the 21st chromosome Evolution Gradual accumulation of adaptations over time Gametic cell Sex cells, sperm and eggs Method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host Genetic engineering organism of the same or different species Genetics Branch of biology that studies heredity Mitochondria 60 61 70 71 80 81 Heterozygous Homozygous When there are two different alleles for a trait ex. Tt When there are two identical alleles for a trait ex. TT or tt Chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the 90 Karyotype centromere; used to pinpoint unusual chromosome numbers in cells Type of cell division where one body cell produces 4 gametes; each containing half the 91 Meiosis number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell Period of nuclear division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a Mitosis complete set of chromosomes; 1 body cell produces 2 body cells mRNA RNA that transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm Any agent that can cause a change in DNA; high energy radiation, chemicals, high Mutagen temperatures Mutation Any change or random error in a DNA sequence Subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen Nucleotide base Pedigrees A graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits Evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of structures and Phylogeny comparisons of modern life forms with fossils Protein synthesis The process of making proteins using RNA to transcribe and translate DNA 100 Recessive Trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait A genetic disorder in which the beta globin genes of adult hemoglobin molecules 101 Sickle cell anemia contain an amino acid substitution which alters the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen Sex-linked Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes Pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid Sexual reproduction sex cells Somatic cell Body cell tRNA RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins Transcription Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand Translation Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein Body structure that has no function in a present day organism but was probably useful to Vestigial organs an ancestor; provides evidence for evolution Darwin Founder of evolutionary theory- natural selection 110 Lamarck Introduced theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics 111 Mendel Father of genetics Watson & Crick Discovered structure of DNA Amino acid Basic building blocks of protein molecules Flowering plant; any plant having its seeds surrounded by fruit tissue formed form the Angiosperm mature ovary of a flower Anthers Pollen-producing structure located at the tip of a flower’s stamen Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotic organism Blood types A, B, AB, O Bryophyte Nonvascular plant Calories Unit of heat used to measure the energy content of food Uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes 120 Cancer in enzyme production in the cell cycle 121 Carbohydrates Organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of C, H, O Carcinogen A cancer-containing agent Development All the changes that take place during the life of an organism Dichotomous key Digestive system Exoskeleton Fat Filaments Homeostasis 130 Hormones 131 Inhalation Lungs Lymphatic system Mammal Mammary glands Metabolism Motor neuron Nerve impulse Ovaries 140 Paramecium 141 Phloem Phylum / phyla Physiology Pistils Plant Pollen grain Pollination Protein Reflex 150 Scientific name 151 Sensory neuron Spinal cord Stomata Testes Transpiration Uterus Virus A two-step way of classifying an organism A system of specialized organs that ingests food, converts nutrients to a form that can be distributed throughout the animals body, and eliminates undigested residues. Hard, waxy coating on the outside of some animals; provides support, protects soft body tissues, and provides a place for muscle attachment A triglyceride consisting of 3 fatty acids joined by a glycerol The stalk of a stamen of angiosperms, with the anther at its tip. Organism’s regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival Chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change Breathing in The organs of terrestrial animals where gas exchange occurs Network of fluid-carrying vessels and associated organs that participate in immunity and the return of tissue fluid to the main circulation A class of vertebrates that possesses skin covered with hair and that nourishes their young with milk from mammary glands Milk-producing glands in mammals All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism Nerve cells which carry out-going impulses to their effectors, either glands or muscles A propagated action potential In animals, the egg-producing gonad of the female. In flowering plants, the enlarged base of the pistil. In which seeds develop Single celled protists- animal- like characteristics- cilia surround the cell Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars from the leaves to all parts of the plant The major taxonomic divisions in the animal kingdom The branch of biology that studies how living things function Female reproductive structure of a flower; bottom portion forms the ovary Multicellular, autotrophic organism able to manufacture food through photosynthesis Capsule that contain plant sperm Transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of a flower Large, complex polymer essential to all life composed of C, H, O, N and usually S; provides structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism Simple, automatic response in an animal that involves no conscious control; usually acts to protect and animal from serious injury A 2 part name of an organism that all scientists recognize Neurons which relay impulses to the central nervous system A centralized mass of neurons for processing neurological messages and linking the brain with that part of the peripheral nervous system not reached by cranial nerves Openings in the cuticle of a leaf epidermis that control gas exchange for respiration and photosynthesis In animals, the sperm-producing gonad of the male In plants, the loss of water through leaf stomata by evaporation In females, the hollow, muscular organ in which the offspring of placental mammals develop Disease-causing, nonliving particles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid; replicate inside living cells called host cells Vitamins Xylem 160 Yeast Charles Drew Linnaeus 163 Jenner Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism; either fat-soluble or fat-insoluble vitamins Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant Unicellular fungus that forms colonies similar to those of bacteria Blood bank Naturalist and father of taxonomy Injected material from cow pox into arm of uninfected boy to show vaccination