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Civ IN- PowerPoint text for Lecture 10 • Lecture 10A: Islamic Empire and the West I) Islamic Empire (con’d) II) Western Empire IDs: “Peoples of the Book” Ali Shia Sunni (Shi’ite) Pope Leo I Pope Gregory I Monastic learning Great Schism “white martyrdom” • Islamic Empire and non-Muslims Tribute over conversion Non-Arabic Muslims? Christians and Jews- “Peoples of the Book” - dhimmis • Islamic divisions Ali, 4th Caliph (655-661) Murdered Umayyad successor Shia: - “partisan” Sunni: - “tradition” • Shrine of Imam Ali (Najaf, Iraq) • Islamic scholarship Eastern traditions Translation of Greek classics ex. Aristotle Royal patronage Ex. Caliph Al-Hakem • II) The Western Empire • Decline of the Western (Political) Empire Continued imperial problems Networks break down Church superiority: - independence - episcopal power • Papal leadership in the West, 450- 800 AD Pope Leo I (440-461 AD) (“The Great”)- dogma Pope Gregory I (“The Great”) (590-604 AD) -direct negotiations w/ Germans • Great Schism Split: Western (Roman) Church vs Eastern (Orthodox) Church Differences on doctrine - married clergy, - filoque Questions on how to determine doctrine - councils vs. Papacy Later, mutual excommunication • Celtic Christianity Non-imperial “Conversion” - St. Patrick, etc. Monastic (vs. episcopal) - preservation of pagan literature Missionary work - “White martrydom” - influence on the Continent • I) Lecture 10B: Frankish Empire The Franks II) Vikings! IDs: Counts Merovingians Partible inheritance “Mayor of the Palace” Charles Martel Poitiers (Tours) Pepin III (“The Short”) Charlemagne “Carolingian Renaissance” Coronation Investiture castles • Clovis the Merovingian (r. 485-511) German leader of the Franks Vikings Convert and Patron of Christianity Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty • Frankish Kingdom Two problems with succession: 1) Nobles Counts - royal appointment 2) Partible Inheritance (vs. primo genitur) • Carolingian Dynasty, Part I King as figurehead- 650 AD Pepin of Landes (Pepin I) - “Mayor of the Palace” Takes power in 687 AD Carolingian Dynasty Charles Martel (“The Hammer”) - knights in armor • Battle of Tours (732 A.D.) • Carolingian Dynasty, Part II Papal recognition of Carolingians- 751 AD Pepin III (Pepin the Short) - continued defense of the papacy in Italy Charlemagne • Carolingian Empire • Carolingian Renaissance (9th Century) Charlemagne’s conquest Aachen Imperial authority Patronage of learning • Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III Christmas, 800 AD Two versions: Planned Unexpected Difference? • Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire • II) Vikings • Effect of Viking raids on the Church Unrestrained attacks Local lords in charge • Castles • Effect of Viking raids on the Church Unrestrained attacks Local lords in charge Interference in local church • Lecture 10C: The German Empire I) German Leadership II) Monastic Reform III) Investiture Crisis IDs: Otto I Patrician authority Lay investiture Simony Celibacy Cluny Chivalry Peace of God Henry III Leo IX College of Cardinals Great Schism Gregory VII (Hildebrand) Henry IV Interdict • Canossa Otto I (r. 936-973 AD) Created the German Empire Reformed the Papacy - vs. Pope John XII German Emperor appoints John XII’s successor - “patrician” authority Continued protection • Apotheosis of Otto III, from Gospel of Otto III, c. 990 AD • II) Problems and Monastic Reform • Church Problems in 10th Century Political priorities of imperial appointees Simony - sale of ecclesiastical offices Lay investiture -gifts from political authorities Clerical celibacy • 910 AD Cluny William of Aquataine Strict observance of Benedictine Rule • Cluny Charter (from William of Aquataine): “It has pleased us. . . That from this day forward the monks. . . At Cluny shall be wholly freed from our power, from that of our kindred, and from the jurisdiction of royal greatness, and shall never submit to the yoke of any earthly power.” • Cluniac Movement Benedictine Rule- abbots elected, not appointed Direct obedience to the Pope “Daughter houses” Cistercians and other monastic reform movements • Medieval Peace Movements The Peace of God (by 1050) “No man in the counties or bishoprics shall seize a horse, colt, ox, cow, ass, or the burdens which it carries… No one shall seize a peasant man or woman” The Truce of God (by 1050) No fighting between warriors at certain times Sunday(Lord’s Day), Saturday (Holy Saturday) Thursday (Holy Thursday), Friday (Good Friday) • Relics • III) Investiture Crisis • Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-1052) German Emperor Chaotic situation in Rome Patrician authority Promoted reformers Including his cousin, a German monk Pope Leo IX • Pope Leo IX Sponsored by German Emperor Henry III Took up hard-line reform, esp. on Simony and Clerical Celibacy Emphasized Papal authority - papal tours - formed the College of Cardinals Appointed other reformers as well- Hildebrand - use of papal decrees and papal legates Finalized the Great Schism (1054) • Great Schism (1054) Between the Eastern Orthodox Church & Western Roman Church - matters of doctrine: -larger issue: determining doctrine - councils vs. papacy Mutual excommunication in 1054 • Pope Nicholas II Contested election Set precedent for election by cardinals - formal procedure Continued other reforms • German Emperors: Henry III and Henry IV Henry III dies in 1056 Henry IV- infant Regency Papal alliance with the Normans • Pope Gregory VII • Gregory VII (Hildebrand) Becomes Pope in 1073 Reformer- clerical celibacy Appeal to laity and lower clergy Took on lay investiture Conflict with Henry IV Archbishop of Milan • Investiture • Gregory VII (Hildebrand) Reformer- clerical celibacy Appeal to laity and lower clergy Took on lay investiture Conflict with Henry IV Investiture of Archbishop of Milan Interdict - denial of sacraments to GE - released the German nobility from obedience to the Emperor • Interdict ‘I deprive King Henry, son of the Emperor Henry, who has rebelled against [God’s] Church with unheard-of audacity, of the government over the whole kingdom of Germany and Italy, and I release all Christian men from the allegiance which they have sworn or may swear to him, and I forbid anyone to serve him as king.” -Pope Gregory VII, 1076 • Penance at Canossa Gregory VII and German princes (Saxon nobles): “There on three successive days, standing before the castle gate, laying aside all royal insignia, barefooted and in coarse attire, Henry ceased not, with many tears, to beseech the apostolic help and comfort.” Later, Henry IV turns on Gregory VII