Download High Middle Ages

High Middle Ages
Mr. Stikes
• SSWH7 The student will analyze
European medieval society with regard
to culture, politics, society, and
economics.
• b. Describe the political impact of
Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and
King Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman
Emperor).
Important Figures
• Pope Gregory VII: (1073-1085) - Pope
• King Henry IV:
(1056-1106)
King of Holy Roman Empire
The Church and Politics
• How did the church influence politics?”
Best example:
– “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122)
• Lay Investiture: Lay (non-church) leaders
[kings] wanted to appoint clergy (church)
leaders [bishops]
“Lay Investiture” Controversy
(1074-1122)
• Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture
(meaning on he could appoint bishops) –
King Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire does
not want to give up this power
“Lay Investiture” Controversy
(1074-1122)
• Gregory VII threatens to excommunicate
Henry. Henry tried to “depose” the pope
(take him out of office)
• Pope tells Henry’s vassals they no longer
have to listen to him
• Henry’s lords rebel & defeat him at
Canossa (1077)
“Lay Investiture” Controversy
(1074-1122)
• Ends with Concordat of Worms (1122)
– Emperor lost the right to appoint bishops
while retaining the right to grant them land
and secular political power
• Long Term Results:
– Political destabilization in central Europe until
1870’s
– Germany and Italy not unified, unlike France
and England
Height of Medieval Papal Power
• Innocent III (1198-1216)
– Goal: unite all of Christendom under papal
rule to able to bring right order to the world
– How? Crusades against heretics and to the
Middle East
• SSWH7 The student will analyze
European medieval society with regard
to culture, politics, society, and
economics.
• c. Explain the role of the church in
medieval society.
The Role of the Church
• Christians throughout Western Europe
recognized the Pope as the supreme
spiritual leader.
• Pope could provide legitimacy to a leader:
– ex. – crowning of Charlemagne
• In return, leaders provided military support
– ex. - Donation of Pepin – Holy Roman Empire
will protect Rome
So… Secular leaders
provided military strength
in exchange for
Recognition of Papal
(i.e. God’s) support
Problems in Europe
• 9th and 10th centuries: Viking invasions
leaves a power vacuum – the Church is
the sole unified power throughout Europe
Problems in Europe
• Problems with the church:
– Illiterate parish priests
– Bishops appointed by kings – often immoral
Reforms in Europe
• Monasticism:
– Tradition of Christians living outside the world
began in Egypt (hermits)
– Gradually, monasteries developed.
– Important…
• Monasteries: Cluny
• Orders: Franciscans, Dominicans
• Reformers: Francis of Assisi - (1182- 1226)
preached a life of total poverty, charity and good
works, and love for all; became one of the largest
and most powerful of the monastic orders
Reforms in Europe
• Inquisition:
– Founded by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 to root
out heresy – became misused
• Popular Movements:
– Albigensians: who rejected the leadership of
the Church and marriage, all forms of
materialism, and cooperation with the state
– Waldensians: founded by Peter Waldo, who
preached poverty, a strict moral life, and the
use of the vernacular language
• SSWH7 The student will analyze
European medieval society with regard
to culture, politics, society, and
economics.
• d. Describe how increasing trade led to the
growth of towns and cities.
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
• Agriculture increased
• Reasons:
– End of invasions from Eastern Europe/Asia
– Cultivation/clearing of new land
– Spread of new techniques and technology
(crop rotation, metal plow, horse collar)
– Use of wind and water mills to provide power
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
Increase in food
Population growth
Revival of trade, rise of towns
(remember, excess food usually leads to technological innovation)
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
•
•
Revival of trade
Reasons:
– Surplus food allows for specialization
– Crusades encourage trade from Italy to
Middle East/Constantinople
•
•
Cities like Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Venice take
lead
Europeans want luxury goods like spices, silks
– Stable government in Kievan Rus
(Russia…remember?) allows for trade to N.
Europe
•
Sea trade via Baltic Sea, rivers, Black Sea
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
• Revival of trade
• Results:
– Rise of money economy in Europe (Why?)
– Beginning of banking system
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
•
Rise of cities
•
Reasons:
– Excess food supplies
– Increased Trade
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
• Rise of cities
• Results:
– Rise of a middle class
•
•
•
•
Had no place in feudal system
Master artisans, merchants
Belief in individual initiative
Began to demand role in government
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
•
Rise of cities
•
Results:
– Rise of Guilds
•
•
•
Guild: “medieval business association of
merchants or crafts workers”
Purpose: control price, quality
Levels of skill: apprentice, journeyman, master
High Middle Ages in Europe:
A.D. 1050-1300
•
Rise of cities
•
Results:
– Freedom
•
•
Outside feudal system, serfs could become free
and advance in cities
Money allowed large building projects and
provided protection
Assignment
• Create a study guide including the following:
– Crusades: Why do they matter?
– Gregory VII
– Henry IV (HRE)
– Lay Investiture
– Concordat of Worms
– Relationship between church and politics
– 2 Problems with the Medieval church
– 3 Reforms of the Medieval church
– How agriculture revived trade, which in turn led to
the rise of cities.