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High Middle Ages Mr. Stikes • SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • b. Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor). Important Figures • Pope Gregory VII: (1073-1085) - Pope • King Henry IV: (1056-1106) King of Holy Roman Empire The Church and Politics • How did the church influence politics?” Best example: – “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Lay Investiture: Lay (non-church) leaders [kings] wanted to appoint clergy (church) leaders [bishops] “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture (meaning on he could appoint bishops) – King Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire does not want to give up this power “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Gregory VII threatens to excommunicate Henry. Henry tried to “depose” the pope (take him out of office) • Pope tells Henry’s vassals they no longer have to listen to him • Henry’s lords rebel & defeat him at Canossa (1077) “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Ends with Concordat of Worms (1122) – Emperor lost the right to appoint bishops while retaining the right to grant them land and secular political power • Long Term Results: – Political destabilization in central Europe until 1870’s – Germany and Italy not unified, unlike France and England Height of Medieval Papal Power • Innocent III (1198-1216) – Goal: unite all of Christendom under papal rule to able to bring right order to the world – How? Crusades against heretics and to the Middle East • SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • c. Explain the role of the church in medieval society. The Role of the Church • Christians throughout Western Europe recognized the Pope as the supreme spiritual leader. • Pope could provide legitimacy to a leader: – ex. – crowning of Charlemagne • In return, leaders provided military support – ex. - Donation of Pepin – Holy Roman Empire will protect Rome So… Secular leaders provided military strength in exchange for Recognition of Papal (i.e. God’s) support Problems in Europe • 9th and 10th centuries: Viking invasions leaves a power vacuum – the Church is the sole unified power throughout Europe Problems in Europe • Problems with the church: – Illiterate parish priests – Bishops appointed by kings – often immoral Reforms in Europe • Monasticism: – Tradition of Christians living outside the world began in Egypt (hermits) – Gradually, monasteries developed. – Important… • Monasteries: Cluny • Orders: Franciscans, Dominicans • Reformers: Francis of Assisi - (1182- 1226) preached a life of total poverty, charity and good works, and love for all; became one of the largest and most powerful of the monastic orders Reforms in Europe • Inquisition: – Founded by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 to root out heresy – became misused • Popular Movements: – Albigensians: who rejected the leadership of the Church and marriage, all forms of materialism, and cooperation with the state – Waldensians: founded by Peter Waldo, who preached poverty, a strict moral life, and the use of the vernacular language • SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Agriculture increased • Reasons: – End of invasions from Eastern Europe/Asia – Cultivation/clearing of new land – Spread of new techniques and technology (crop rotation, metal plow, horse collar) – Use of wind and water mills to provide power High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Increase in food Population growth Revival of trade, rise of towns (remember, excess food usually leads to technological innovation) High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • • Revival of trade Reasons: – Surplus food allows for specialization – Crusades encourage trade from Italy to Middle East/Constantinople • • Cities like Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Venice take lead Europeans want luxury goods like spices, silks – Stable government in Kievan Rus (Russia…remember?) allows for trade to N. Europe • Sea trade via Baltic Sea, rivers, Black Sea High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Revival of trade • Results: – Rise of money economy in Europe (Why?) – Beginning of banking system High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Reasons: – Excess food supplies – Increased Trade High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: – Rise of a middle class • • • • Had no place in feudal system Master artisans, merchants Belief in individual initiative Began to demand role in government High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: – Rise of Guilds • • • Guild: “medieval business association of merchants or crafts workers” Purpose: control price, quality Levels of skill: apprentice, journeyman, master High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: – Freedom • • Outside feudal system, serfs could become free and advance in cities Money allowed large building projects and provided protection Assignment • Create a study guide including the following: – Crusades: Why do they matter? – Gregory VII – Henry IV (HRE) – Lay Investiture – Concordat of Worms – Relationship between church and politics – 2 Problems with the Medieval church – 3 Reforms of the Medieval church – How agriculture revived trade, which in turn led to the rise of cities.