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Civ IN- PowerPoint text for Lecture 10
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Lecture 10A: Islamic Empire and the West
I)
Islamic Empire (con’d)
II)
Western Empire
IDs:
“Peoples of the Book”
Ali
Shia
Sunni
(Shi’ite)
Pope Leo I
Pope Gregory I
Monastic learning
Great Schism
“white martyrdom”
•
Islamic Empire and non-Muslims
Tribute over conversion
Non-Arabic Muslims?
Christians and Jews- “Peoples of the Book”
- dhimmis
•
Islamic divisions
Ali, 4th Caliph (655-661)
Murdered
Umayyad successor
Shia:
- “partisan”
Sunni:
- “tradition”
•
Shrine of Imam Ali
(Najaf, Iraq)
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Islamic scholarship
Eastern traditions
Translation of Greek classics
ex. Aristotle
Royal patronage
Ex. Caliph Al-Hakem
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II) The Western Empire
•
Decline of the Western (Political) Empire
Continued imperial problems
Networks break down
Church superiority:
- independence
- episcopal power
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Papal leadership in the West, 450- 800 AD
Pope Leo I (440-461 AD)
(“The Great”)- dogma
Pope Gregory I (“The Great”) (590-604 AD)
-direct negotiations w/ Germans
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Great Schism
Split: Western (Roman) Church vs
Eastern (Orthodox) Church
Differences on doctrine
- married clergy,
- filoque
Questions on how to determine doctrine
- councils vs. Papacy
Later, mutual excommunication
•
Celtic Christianity
Non-imperial
“Conversion”
- St. Patrick, etc.
Monastic
(vs. episcopal)
- preservation of pagan literature
Missionary work
- “White martrydom”
- influence on the Continent
•
I)
Lecture 10B: Frankish Empire
The Franks
II) Vikings!
IDs:
Counts
Merovingians
Partible inheritance
“Mayor of the Palace”
Charles Martel
Poitiers (Tours)
Pepin III (“The Short”)
Charlemagne
“Carolingian Renaissance”
Coronation
Investiture
castles
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Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Vikings
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty
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Frankish Kingdom
Two problems with succession:
1) Nobles
Counts
- royal appointment
2) Partible Inheritance
(vs. primo genitur)
•
Carolingian Dynasty, Part I
King as figurehead- 650 AD
Pepin of Landes (Pepin I) - “Mayor of the Palace”
Takes power in 687 AD
Carolingian Dynasty
Charles Martel (“The Hammer”)
- knights in armor
•
Battle of Tours (732 A.D.)
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Carolingian Dynasty, Part II
Papal recognition of Carolingians- 751 AD
Pepin III (Pepin the Short)
- continued defense of the papacy in Italy
Charlemagne
•
Carolingian Empire
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Carolingian Renaissance
(9th Century)
Charlemagne’s conquest
Aachen
Imperial authority
Patronage of learning
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Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III
Christmas, 800 AD
Two versions:
Planned
Unexpected
Difference?
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Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
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II) Vikings
•
Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
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Castles
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Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
Interference in local church
•
Lecture 10C: The German Empire
I)
German Leadership
II)
Monastic Reform
III)
Investiture Crisis
IDs:
Otto I
Patrician authority
Lay investiture
Simony
Celibacy
Cluny
Chivalry
Peace of God
Henry III
Leo IX
College of Cardinals
Great Schism
Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
Henry IV
Interdict
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Canossa
Otto I
(r. 936-973 AD)
Created the German Empire
Reformed the Papacy
- vs. Pope John XII
German Emperor appoints John XII’s successor
- “patrician” authority
Continued protection
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Apotheosis of Otto III, from Gospel of Otto III, c. 990 AD
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II) Problems and Monastic Reform
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Church Problems in 10th Century
Political priorities of imperial appointees
Simony
- sale of ecclesiastical offices
Lay investiture
-gifts from political authorities
Clerical celibacy
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910 AD
Cluny
William of Aquataine
Strict observance of Benedictine Rule
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Cluny
Charter (from William of Aquataine):
“It has pleased us. . . That from this day forward the monks. . . At Cluny shall be wholly freed from our
power, from that of our kindred, and from the jurisdiction of royal greatness, and shall never submit to
the yoke of any earthly power.”
•
Cluniac Movement
Benedictine Rule- abbots elected, not appointed
Direct obedience to the Pope
“Daughter houses”
Cistercians and other monastic reform movements
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Medieval Peace Movements
The Peace of God
(by 1050)
“No man in the counties or bishoprics shall seize a horse, colt, ox, cow, ass, or the burdens which it
carries… No one shall seize a peasant man or woman”
The Truce of God
(by 1050)
No fighting between warriors at certain times
Sunday(Lord’s Day), Saturday (Holy Saturday)
Thursday (Holy Thursday), Friday (Good Friday)
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Relics
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III) Investiture Crisis
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Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-1052)
German Emperor
Chaotic situation in Rome
Patrician authority
Promoted reformers
Including his cousin, a German monk
Pope Leo IX
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Pope Leo IX
Sponsored by German Emperor Henry III
Took up hard-line reform, esp. on Simony and Clerical Celibacy
Emphasized Papal authority
- papal tours
- formed the College of Cardinals
Appointed other reformers as well- Hildebrand
- use of papal decrees and papal legates
Finalized the Great Schism (1054)
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Great Schism (1054)
Between the Eastern Orthodox Church & Western Roman Church
- matters of doctrine:
-larger issue: determining doctrine
- councils vs. papacy
Mutual excommunication in 1054
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Pope Nicholas II
Contested election
Set precedent for election by cardinals
- formal procedure
Continued other reforms
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German Emperors: Henry III and Henry IV
Henry III dies in 1056
Henry IV- infant
Regency
Papal alliance with the Normans
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Pope Gregory VII
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Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
Becomes Pope in 1073
Reformer- clerical celibacy
Appeal to laity and lower clergy
Took on lay investiture
Conflict with Henry IV
Archbishop of Milan
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Investiture
•
Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
Reformer- clerical celibacy
Appeal to laity and lower clergy
Took on lay investiture
Conflict with Henry IV
Investiture of Archbishop of Milan
Interdict
- denial of sacraments to GE
- released the German nobility from obedience to the Emperor
•
Interdict
‘I deprive King Henry, son of the Emperor Henry, who has rebelled against [God’s] Church with
unheard-of audacity, of the government over the whole kingdom of Germany and Italy, and I release all
Christian men from the allegiance which they have sworn or may swear to him, and I forbid anyone to
serve him as king.”
-Pope Gregory VII, 1076
•
Penance at Canossa
Gregory VII and German princes (Saxon nobles):
“There on three successive days, standing before the castle gate, laying aside all royal insignia,
barefooted and in coarse attire, Henry ceased not, with many tears, to beseech the apostolic help and
comfort.”
Later, Henry IV turns on Gregory VII