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Medieval Intro
Bell Ringer: List everything that comes
to mind when you think of the term
“Middle Ages” (Medieval or Dark Ages)
The Late Middle Ages
Challenges and Growth
Key Terms
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Feudalism
Barter
Longbow
Nationalism
Medieval Catholic Church
Crusades
Black Death
Hundred Years War
Great Schism
Periodization
Roman Empire: 29BC –
late 400s AD
Early Middle Ages: Late 400’s –
1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Roman Empire
Roman Empire
Europe in the 6c
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
Learning Targets
1. What is Feudalism?
2. Why did Feudalism become the basis for
government during the middle ages?
3. What were the political, social, and economic
impacts of Feudalism?
4. Explain the role the Catholic Church played
during the Middle Ages.
Medieval Society
• Political: fragmented, regional, feudalism
• Economic: barter, self-sufficient manors
• Religious: Christian, Catholic Church has immense
power
• Social: classes based on land ownership and titles
(Nobles and Peasants).
• Intellectual/Arts: Most of the art, literature, and
learning took place within the Church.
The Medieval Catholic Church
• Powerful Institution – owned 1/3 of the
land throughout Europe
• Headed by the Pope – spiritual leader of
Christianity
• Collected taxes – Christians expected to
give 1/10 of their income
The Medieval Catholic Church
• Provided aid to the poor and sick
• Established hospitals
• Kept records on births, marriages,
divorces and deaths.
• Taught the Christian religion to the
people.
• Provided spiritual guidance
• Provided stability in a harsh and unstable
world
Learning Targets
1. Analyze and explain how the
Crusades, Black Death, Hundred Years
War, and the Great Schism destroy
Feudalism and diminish the power
and prestige of the Catholic Church
Christian Crusades: East and West
Setting Out on Crusade
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Medieval Trade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Challenges
I. Hundred Years War:
(1337-1453) England vs. France
• Causes
– English rulers wanted to keep
French lands of their Norman
ancestors
– French kings wanted to
extend their own power in
France
– 1337, Edward III claimed the
French throne
– Once fighting began
economic rivalry and growing
sense of national pride made
it difficult for either side to
stop
• Effects
– In France, national feeling
grew and the kings expanded
their power
– In England, Parliament gained
“power of the purse” and
kings began looking at trading
ventures overseas
– The longbow and cannon
made soldier more important
and knights less valuable
– Castles and knights became
obsolete
– Monarchs came to need large
armies instead of feudal
vassals
Notable events and people
• Battle of Poitier (1356)
– English victory led by Edward the Black Prince
• Battle of Agincourt (1415)
– English victory led by Henry V
• Joan of Arc: Led French troops to victories
between 1429 and 1431
– Executed by the English
Bring out your dead!
Challenges
II. The Black Death
• Spread to Europe by 1347
– Would kill 1 in 3 Europeans by
What were the symptoms of the plague?
Cures?
• Medieval people did not
know about germs
causing disease. They
did not understand that
plague was spread by
rats and fleas. They
thought that people’s
bodies were poisoned.
• If the swellings burst and
the poison came out
people sometimes
survived. It seemed
sensible to draw out the
poison.
Medieval cure number 1
The swellings should
be softened with figs
and cooked onions.
The onions should be
mixed with yeast and
butter. Then open
the swellings with a
knife.
Medieval cure number 2
Frogs breath through their skin – so
the thought was that by taking a
live frog & putting its belly on the
sore the poison would be drawn
out. The frog will swell up and
burst. Keep doing this with further
frogs until they stop bursting.
Some people say that a dried toad
will do the job better.
Challenges
II. The Black Death:
Social and Economic decline
• Social Effects
– Some people turned to
magic and witchcraft for
cures.
– Others believed they were
being punished by God.
– Some people turned to
wild pleasure, believing the
end was inevitable.
– Normal life broke down.
– Individuals turned away
from neighbors and
relatives to avoid
contagion.
– Christians blamed and
persecuted Jews.
• Economic Effects
– As workers died,
production declined.
– Surviving workers
demanded higher wages.
As the cost of labor soared,
inflation, or rising prices,
broke out.
– Landowners abandoned
farming, forcing villagers to
look for work in the towns.
– Unable to find work,
peasants revolted.
III. The Great Schism
Challenges (1378-1417)
• Also referred to as the Babylonian Captivity
• Time from 1305-1377 when the Pope was
exiled to Avignon, France
• 1377 Pope moved back to Rome and died
1378
• Italian elected Urban VI at Rome;
• Frenchman elected Clement VII at Avignon
• Church now had two popes
Consequences of the Great Schism
• The Babylonian
Captivity and Great
Schism damaged the
spiritual authority of
the papacy
• weakened the political
influence of the popes
• Kings and nobles
throughout Europe
began to reassert
control over church
Growth
I. Cultural Achievements
• Early Middle Ages – cultural decline
• High Middle Ages – cultural development
• Architecture – Gothic
• Higher education
• Philosophy
– Scholasticism
• Literature
– Vernacular
Rise of Nationalism
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Russia/Ottoman Empire
England/France
Spain/Portugal
HRE/Italy