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Plants Overview of Plant Kingdom Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Cone-bearing plants (Gymnosperm) (Angiosperm) (Pterophyte) Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit (Bryophyte) Seeds Green algae ancestor Flowering plants Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Plant Reproduction Alternation of Generation Spore production Egg and sperm fertilization • Plants alternate between diploid (2n) and haploid (n) forms/generations. • Two generations: – Gametophyte (haploid) – Sporophyte (diploid) Plant Characteristics • Roots – absorb water and nutrients • Leaves – take in sunlight and carbon dioxide • Vascular Tissue – Transport material between the roots and shoots, and leaves. – Two types of vascular tissue: • Xylem – a system of cells that transports water and nutrients UP from the roots • Phloem – a system of cells that transports sugars DOWN from the leaves to all parts of the plant. “Up the xylem, Flow Down the phloem!” Non-Vascular • Mosses (Division Bryophyta) Other examples: Liverwort MOST PRIMITIVE • No vascular tissues, no true stems, roots, or leaves • Produce spores • water transported by osmosis • reproduction depends on water (sperm cell must swim to egg cell). Moss Hornwort Seedless Vascular • Ferns (Division Pterophyte) • Have vascular tissues to transport water. • Use spores to reproduce. • Have roots, leaves, and stems. Seeded Vascular • Reproduction in flowers or cones •Gymnosperms (cones and needles) •Angiosperms (flowers and fruits) • Pollination • Produce SEEDS as a result of fertilization Gymnosperms “naked seed” (conifers) • Seeds produced on cones • Reduced leaves (needles) to decrease surface area and water loss • Adapted to cold climates Cycad Sequoia Angiosperms “covered seed” (Flowering Plants) • Vascular • Most successful group! Angiosperms are plants with flowers that develop seeds inside of fruits for reproduction Angiosperms •Categorized by the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) •Monocot: one cotyledon, Dicot: two cotyledons Monocots Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Fibrous roots Taproot Flowers Stems Roots Functions of a Leaf • Transpiration: Plant loses water through leaves • Photosynthesis – Gas Exchange: Take in CO2 and release O2 during photosynthesis. Leaf Structure Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Phloem Spongy mesophyll Vei n Epidermis Stoma Guard cells Leaf Structures • Mesophyll: photosynthetic layer – Palisade mesophyll: tightly packed cells that absorb light. Function: photosynthesis – Spongy mesophyll: air spaces for gas and water movement. • Cuticle: Waxy coating that protects leaf and prevent water loss. • Veins – contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Leaf Structures • Stomata: pore-like openings in the underside of a leaf. Allow CO2 in and O2 out, and water out. – Regulate transpiration • Guard Cells: specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata. Closes at the hottest time of the day. Stem Structures • Stems support plant • Vascular tissues transporting water up and sugars down Root Structure Function: To absorb water and nutrients Adaptations: -root hairs increase surface area for absorption Flower Structure Stamen Filament Carpel Stigma Anther Style Ovary Ovule contains egg cell - Ovule Sepal Petal Flower Structures • Sepals – usually green and leaf-like, protects developing flower (bud) • Stamen – Male reproductive structures; made of 2 parts: anther and filament; the anthers make pollen which contains sperm. • Pistil – Female reproductive structures; made of 3 parts: ovary, stigma, and style; the ovary makes ovules which contain the eggs. Comparison of Male and Female Parts: pistil stamen is to ______________ ovary anther is to _______________ pollen is to ________________ ovule egg sperm is to ________________ Double Fertilization in Angiosperms ➢ Pollen grain (contains sperm) lands on stigma ➢ Pollen tube is created down through the pistil to the ovary ➢ 2 sperm cells travel to ovary ➢ 1 sperm cell fertilizes the egg and becomes embryo, ➢ 1 sperm fertilizes a diploid cell and becomes the food source for the embryo ➢ Embryo and food source makeup the seed. ➢ Ovary of the flower ripens and becomes the fleshy covering around the seed. ➢ Germination – growth of the embryo from the seed. Pollination •Pollen (the male gamete) from the anther is released and transported to stigma of other flowers: • By insects • By mammals • By birds • By wind Ragweed pollen Fruits and Seeds •Ovule is fertilized, and grows to become seed, protected by seed coat, contains food supply (endosperm), adaptations for dispersal •Fruits are mature ovaries, to protect and disperse seeds. Patterns of Plant Growth • All plants follow a highly regulated pattern of growth that continues throughout the plant’s life. • Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental stimuli. Ex. Auxin (growth) and ethylene gas (ripens fruit) Hormoneproducing cells Movement of hormone Target cells Plant Responses • Phototropism: a plants response to light. Positive phototropism: growth towards light. Negative phototropism: growth away from light • Gravitropism: A plants response to gravity. • Ex. the shoot of a germinating seed to grow out of the soil. The roots of a plant or germinating seed grow down into the soil. Plant Responses Chemotropism: A plants response to chemicals. Ex. Fertilizers (nitrogen), salt, etc. Hydrotropism: A plants response to water. Positive response = towards stimulus Negative response = away from stimulus Plant Responses • Thigmotropism: the response of plants to touch.