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Name: ________________________ BIOLOGY 366 PLANT SYSTEMATICS EXAM II KEY GYMNOSPERMS THROUGH ROSIDS 100 POINTS TOTAL (LECTURE 50, LAB PRACTICAL & KEYOUTS 50) SECTION 2: Short answer (30 points total). Be as precise as possible in your answers. 1. List three synapomorphies for angiosperms. (3 points) Several possibilities, including: flower, carpels, fruit, ovules with two integuments, reduced female gametophyte (no archegonium), double fertilization, 3n endosperm, stamens with two pairs of lateral pollen sacs (thecae), pollen 3-nucleate, pollen tube, and phloem of sieve tube members each with 1 or more companion cells derived from the same mother cell. Also acceptable, although not strictly synapomorphic: vessels. 2. Gymnosperm families. A. Fill in the table to show the characters that differentiate the four families of gymnosperms that we studied. (5 points) Family Character Leaf shape Gingkoaceae Pinaceae Cupressaceae Taxaceae fan-shaped needle-like needle-like needle-like Branch structure long and short shoots no long only or long and short shoots yes long shoots only long shoots only yes no not applicable inverted uninverted not applicable tan, fleshy brown, hard brown, hard red, fleshy Ovules in cones? Ovule position on cone scale Seed coat color/texture 3. The Poaceae, Juncaceae and Cyperaceae are important in many habitats, especially wetlands, and they often grow side by side. Write a dichotomous key (bracketed or indented, two characters per lead) for these three families. (6 points) Several possibilities: 1. Flowers in cymose inflorescences; fruit a many-seeded capsule……….……Juncaceae 1. Flowers in spikelets, these variously grouped in compound inflorescences; fruit single-seeded, an achene or caryopsis…………………………………………………..…..2 2. Leaf sheaths closed; flowers subtended by a single bract; fruit an achene ……………………………………………………………….………………Cyperaceae 2. Leaf sheaths usually open; flowers enclosed by two bracts (lemma and palea); fruit a caryopsis…………………………………………...........…………….Poaceae Page 1 Name: ________________________ 4. Match each taxon on the left with the best or most appropriate adaptations from the column on the right. Put your answer in the 2nd column. Each taxon and adaptation must be used only once. (1 point each, 9 points total) Adaptations/Characters Trees; solitary flowers; elongated receptacle Spadix subtended by a spathe; netted leaf venation Usually equitant leaves; 3 stamens; inferior ovary Epicalyx; calyx valvate; stamens monadelphous or polydelphous Latex often present; flowers unisexual; 3-carpellate gynoecium Usually herbs with dissected leaves; numerous stamens; apocarpous gynoecium Flowers with a conspicuous labellum; pollinia Ocrea present or absent; tepals connate; fruit usually a 3-sided achene or nutlet Floating aquatics; enlarged receptacle D Taxon A. Nymphaeaceae H B. Orchidaceae I C. Ranunculaceae F D. Magnoliaceae G E. Polygonaceae C F. Malvaceae B G. Euphorbiaceae E H. Araceae A I. Iridaceae 5. Among the angiosperm families and genera we have covered to date (ANITA grade through the rosids), we have seen examples of the independent evolution of various features or syndromes and also the modification of homologous structures for different functions. Give one example of each, indicating which taxon or taxa are involved, and explaining what feature(s) have been modified for which function. (4 points) A) Example of independent evolution: Many possible answers, including: wind pollination in families such as the Juncaceae or Cyperaceae and Poaceae or between these and Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaceae and others; latex in Nymphaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae. B) Example of modification of homologous structures for different functions: Again, many possible answers, including: modification of photosynthetic leaves into brightly colored bracts as in Araceae or Euphorbiaceae; modification of leaves or leaflets into tendrils as in Fabaceae; modification of leaves into spines as in Cactaceae. 6. What is an herbarium and why are herbaria important to biodiversity studies? (3 points) A herbarium is essentially a plant library, containing pressed and dried specimens of plants and also usually fungi. The specimens help to document the geographic distribution of species, their habitats, and range of variation, and therefore provide fundamental knowledge for analysis of patterns of biodiversity. Page 2 Name: ________________________ SECTION 3: Fill in the blank (20 points total; 1 point each). Provide the appropriate term. 1. The ___Amborellaceae___ (family) are sister to all other angiosperms. 2. A well-developed hypanthium can be found in the __Rosaceae__ (family). Other possible answers include: Fabaceae, Saxifragaceae and technically the Cucurbitaceae, Iridaceae, Onagraceae, and Orchidaceae. 3. Within the Fabaceae, a well differentiated floral banner, keel and wings are characteristic of the _____Faboideae______ (subfamily), whereas the ____Mimosoideae____ (subfamily) usually have pinnately compound leaves and showy stamens. 4. Seeds of _Gingkoaceae_ (family) were probably dinosaur-dispersed. Also acceptable: Cycadales or Cycadaceae or cycads; Taxaceae. 5. The combination of tetramerous flowers, six stamens, a gynophore and a 2-carpellate gynoecium is diagnostic for the __Brassicaceae__ (family). 6. A megasporophyll bearing marginal ovules is homologous to the angiosperm ____carpel____. 7. __Parallel leaf venation__ and __trimerous flowers__ are synapomorphies for the monocots. Also acceptable: one cotyledon, atactostele, adventitious root system, lack of a vascular cambium, flowers pentacyclic, sieve tube members with cuneate protein crystals. Page 3 Name: ________________________ 8. Onions and garlic are in the ___Alliaceae___ (family); their characteristic taste and smell come from __sulphur-containing__ compounds. 9. The presence of a perigynium is a synapomorphy for the genus __Carex___. 10. When we eat peanuts or kidney beans, we are eating the __seeds__ of the plant. 11. Eudicots are defined by the presence of ___tricolpate___ pollen. 12. Apocarpy and laminar stamens are considered __plesiomorphic__ within the angiosperms. 13. The __Fabaceae__ (family) are important ecologically in part because of their nitrogen-fixation symbiosis with bacteria. 14. A compound ovary with 5 stigmas and 5 locules is inferred to consist of _5_ carpels. 15. If a flower has a superior ovary and no adnation is present, the other flower parts are described as __hypogynous__ relative to the ovary. 16. The presence of nectar glands in flowers of Salix indicates __insect__ pollination, whereas the lack of glands in the flowers of Populus indicates __wind__ pollination. Page 4 Name: ________________________ SECTION 4: LABORATORY PRACTICAL (30 PTS TOTAL; 2 PTS EACH) Name: ___________________KEY____________________ TA: _______________ 1. Cactaceae 9. Trifolium 2. Rosaceae 10. Araceae 3. Juniperus 11. Brassicaceae 4. Amaranthaceae 12. Malvaceae 5. Poaceae 13. Liliaceae 6. Carex 14. Typha 7. Euphorbia 15. Acer 8. Orchidaceae Bonus points (3 points; 1 point each) 1) Family? Rosaceae 2) Describe carpel fusion in this flower? Apocarpous 3) Name the unit fruit. Achene Page 5 Name: ________________________ SECTION 1: KEYOUTS (20 PTS; 10 PTS EACH) Key each of the two plants out as instructed using the keys in your lab manual. For partial credit, be sure to write your way through the keys using the couplet numbers. 1. Family, genus 1b →6b →43b →135b →141b →142a →143a →144b →160a →161b →162b →163a →Bacopa in Plantaginaceae 2. Family, genus 1b →6a →7b →18b →35a →36a →Ranunculaceae or 1b →6a →43a →44a →45a →46a →47b →49b →51b →52b →54a →55a →Ranunculaceae 1b →2a →3b →4a →5b →Delphinium Page 6