Download Poales

Monocots Cont.
Poales
Poales
Loss of raphide crystals
Loss of septal nectaries
Typhaceae
• Cattail Family, common in northern
hemisphere, including US
• 28 species of rhizomatous aquatic herbs
• Leaves are used in weaving, and starchy
rhizomes, young staminate inflorescences,
and pollen are eaten
Typhaceae
• Synapomorphies: Monoecious,
Tepals reduced, 1 functional carpel
with 1 ovule
Typhaceae
• Leaves linear, often spongy with air canals
• Inflorescences of densely clustered flowers
appearing to be elongate/cylindrical spikes
or clusters
• Flowers unisexual, wind dispersed
– 1-6 reduced tepals, even bract or scale-like
– Stamens 1-8 in staminate flowers
– 3 fused carpels, with only one functional, axil
placentation, with 1 locule and 1 ovule
• Fruit a drupe or follicle
Typhaceae
Typhaceae
Sparganium
Typha
Bromeliaceae
• Bromeliad family, tropical to warm
temperate mostly in the Americas
• Includes pineapple, spanish moss, and
many ornamentals
• 1520 species of often epiphytic herbs
Bromeliaceae
• Synapomorphies: Hairs water absorbing scales,
Separate calyx and corolla, Stigmas spirally twisted
Bromeliaceae
• Leaves often form a tank-like basal rosette that holds
water
• Flowers bisexual, radial
–
–
–
–
3 sepals
3 petals
6 stamens
3 carpels, connate, spirally twisted
• Fruit a capsule or berry, seeds often winged with tufts
of hairs
Bromeliaceae
Bromeliaceae
Tillandsia
(spanish moss)
Ananas
(pineapple)
Bromelia
Poales
Sedges (Cyperaceae) have edges,
Rushes (Juncaceae) are round,
and Grasses (Poaceae) are hollow
all the way to the ground
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Juncaceae + Cyperaceae
• Synapomorphies: solid stems, 3-ranked
leaves, loss of calcium oxalate crystals,
pollen in tetrads
Juncaceae
• Rush family, 400 herbs
• Common worldwide, temperate or
montane, including US
• Used in basket making and as
ornamentals
Juncaceae
• Synapomorphies: none, may not be
monophyletic
• Leaves 3-ranked, round and solid
• Flowers bisexual
– 6 tepals, distinct
– (3-) 6 stamens, distinct
– 3 Carpels, connate, ovary superior
• Fruit a capsule
Juncaceae
Juncus - 300 species
Luzula - 80 species
Cyperaceae
• Sedge family, 4500 herb species
• Worldwide, often in damp areas
• Cyperus papyrus used in
making paper by ancient
Egyptians, many with aromatic,
medicinal, or starchy roots.
Cyperaceae
• Synapomorphies: Stems solid and
triangular, leaves sheath closed, tetrads of
pollen with 3 degenerate, basal placentation,
Fruit an achene (nutlet)
Cyperaceae
• Leaves alternate, 3-ranked, with blade and
enclosed sheath
• Flowers bisexual or unisexual subtended by
a bract
– Tepals lacking or 3-6 scales, bristles or hairs
– Stamens 1-3 (-6), distinct
– Carpels 2-3, connate, 1 ovule
• Fruit an achene (nutlet)
Cyperaceae
Carex - 2000
Cyperaceae
Cyperus - 600
Fimbristylis - 300
Poales
Joinvilleaceae + Poaceae +
Restionaceae + Flagellariaceae
• Synapomorphies: Two ranked leaves, with
sheath around stem, stomates with
dumbbell-shaped guard cells, small flowers
with 1 ovule per carpel, etc.
Poaceae = Gramineae
• Grass family, 9700 herbs or occasional trees
• Cosmopolitan in distribution
• Easily most economically important family:
corn, rice, sugar cane, wheat, barley, oats,
sorghum, etc.
• > 70% of worlds farmland and > 50% of
human calorie intake
Poaceae = Gramineae
• Synapomorphies: Florets with
3 separate bracts: glumelemma-palea, Fruit a grain,
Embryo with a highly
modified cotyledon
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Glumes= bract found at the base
Palea= internal bract
Lemma= external
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Poaceae = Gramineae
• Leaves 2-ranked with a sheath, ligule, and blade,
sheaths tightly encircling the stem, margins overlapping
but not fused
• Flowers as florets arranged in spikelets. Subtended by
3 sets of bracts
– No tepals or very reduced (lodicules)
– (1-) 3 (-6-numerous) stamens, anthers
with arrow shaped base
– 3 fused Carpels, appearing as 2,
often “feathery”
• Fruit a grain
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Poaceae
Poaceae
Bambusoideae s.s.
• Tropical woody and herbaceous plants
• Includes bamboo (up to 40 m tall)
Arundinaria (50)
Bambusa (120)
Phyllostachys (45)
Ehrhartoideae
• Fairly widespread, some aquatic or wetland
herbs
• Includes Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and
Zizania aquatica (NA wild rice)
Zizania
Oryza
Pooideae
• Many cereal grains (wheat,
oats, barley, rye, etc.)
• Also turf grasses, pasture
grasses, blue grasses
Triticum aestivum
Wheat
Avena sativa
Oats
Hordeum vulgare
Barley
Chloridoideae
• Almost all undergo C4 photosynthesis, live
in arid climates
• Southern Hemisphere distribution
Eragrostis
Sporobolus
Spartina
Panicoideae
• Distinctive spikelets, not breaking into
separate florets at maturity
• Includes suger cane, corn, etc.
Saccharum
Zea mays
Andropogon