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Habit
• Make a list of families in which all
members are herbaceous.
• Make a list of families in which all
members are woody.
• Which families contain members that
are succulent?
Root and stem diversity
• Describe different types of roots and
stems we have observed this
semester.
• List the families where these can be
found. Give examples of
economically important roots and
stems.
Leaf diversity (1 of 2)
• Make sure you can find the node, petiole, and
stipules (if present) associated with a leaf.
• What terms are used to describe variation in the
shape, apices, bases, and margins of the lamina
and in attachment of the lamina to the shoot?
• Make sure you can identify parallel vs. reticulate
venation as well as pinnate and palmate venation.
Where could you find examples of these?
Leaf diversity (2 of 2)
• Make sure you know the terms to describe the
arrangement of leaves on the shoot (opposite,
alternate, etc.). Make a list of families with
opposite leaves.
• Describe all of the complexity and modifications
in leaves that you can recall, and where these
were found in the plant kingdom. Examples:
compound leaves, tendrils, spines, pseudobulbs,
sheathing stipules, plicate leaves.
Indumentum
• Describe the diversity we observed
in hairs and the families where these
features can be found. Examples:
stellate indumentum, hygroscopic
hairs.
Inflorescences
• Make sure you can identify and describe or draw
all the major inflorescence types: solitary
terminal and solitary axillary, spike, raceme,
panicle, simple and compound umbels, head,
dichasial and scorpioid cymes. Also special
terminology associated with inflorescences such
as spathe and spadix. Where could you find
examples of all of these?
Perianth
• Make lists of families with many perianth parts,
tri-merous, four-merous, and five-merous
perianths. Are there any families that lack a
perianth? What are tepals? Where would you
find an example of tepals?
• What is a hypanthium and which subclass (-es)
includes families with hypanthia?
• Make a list of families with sympetalous corollas.
• Make a list of families with zygomorphic flowers.
Androecium
• Which family (-ies) has/have stamens opposite the petals?
• Which family (-ies) has/have epipetalous stamens?
• Draw examples of mono-, and diadelphous stamens.
Where can you find these? Draw tetradynamous stamens.
Where can you find these?
• What are and where can you find connivent anthers?
• Where can you find anthers that dehisce by pores?
• What are and where can you find pollinia?
• What is protandry?
Gynoecium (1 of 2)
• Make sure you can distinguish between pistil,
ovary, carpel, locule, ovule.
• Make a list of families that consistently have one
carpel. Make lists for two, three, five, or many
carpels.
• Make a list of families with syncarpous gynoecia.
• What is a stylopodium and where would you find
one?
• Where would you find a forked style?
Gynoecium (2 of 2)
• Make a list of families with inferior ovaries.
• Make sure you can draw all the different types of
placentation (in cross section) and name the
families where the different types are found.
• Where and what is the angiosperm
megagametophyte?
Fruits
• Which families did NOT have fruits? Why not?!
• Make sure you can ID all the different fruit types
covered (including special terminology such as
accessory, aggregate, and multiple fruits). You
should be able to infer whether the ovary was
superior vs. inferior, apocarpous vs. syncarpous,
etc. from observing fruits.
• Which fruit types are characteristic for a
particular family?
Subclasses
• Each lab (with the exception of the
last) was organized to represent the
various subclasses of angiosperms.
Make a list of the families covered in
each of the subclasses, and then list
the characters that tie them together
(see W & K for guidance).
Taxonomists Beware!
• This is a quick list of family pairs that we think
are easily confused with each other. Perhaps you
can think of others. Make a chart comparing the
distinguishing features of these family pairs.
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Cycadaceae and Arecaceae
Piperaceae and Araceae
Scrophulariaceae and Lamiaceae
Cyperaceae and Poaceae
Cupressaceae and Pinaceae
Iridaceae and Liliaceae
Quick Non-Angiosperm Review
(ferns and gymnosperms) (1 of 2)
• Know the reproductive parts and where they are
located on the plant.
• Be able to identify a leptosporangium and
eusporangium.
• Using appropriate terminology, describe the different
types of sori. Where would you find examples of
these? Make sure can identify and know the difference
between a true indusium and false indusium.
Quick Non-Angiosperm Review
(ferns and gymnosperms) (2 of 2)
• Be able to identify and use appropriate
terminology to describe the various leaf types,
and shoot types (e.g. long vs. short).
• What are the differences between a cycad “cone”
and a pine cone? Are they bisexual or unisexual?
Are they monoecious or dioecious?
• Why do gymnosperms have “naked seeds”?
Which angiosperm organ is missing?
Economics (1 of 2)
• Where appropriate, list the
economically important products
derived for a particular family.
• Where appropriate, list the
important cultivated members for a
particular family.
Economics (2 of 2)
• Try to write some questions of your own such as:
– “Which family (-ies) is/are an important tourist
attraction in Ithaca during autumn?”
– “Which family (-ies) would you use to build shelter if
you lived in the tropics? Does this differ from North
America?”
– “Which families have humans developed important
medicines from (these are usually the very poisonous
families as well!)?”