Download Exam 2 S14 - Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal

Name: ________________________
BIOLOGY 366
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
EXAM II
GYMNOSPERMS THROUGH ROSIDS
100 POINTS TOTAL (LECTURE 50, LAB PRACTICAL & KEYOUTS 50)
SECTION 1: Short answer (26 points total). Please read the questions carefully! Be
as precise as possible in your answers.
1. Gymnosperms and angiosperms together represent a major branch in the plant tree of
life called the seed plants (spermatophytes). What is a seed? Name two advantages that
having seeds might provide. (4 points)
A seed is a fertilized, mature ovule. It contains an embryo and a source of nutrition for
the embryo, and the integument(s) develop into a seed coat.
Advantages include: providing a dormancy mechanism; dispersal unit; protection for
embryo; nutrition source for germinating embryo/seedling.
2. Among the angiosperm families and genera we have covered to date (ANITA grade
through the rosids), we have seen examples of the independent evolution of various
features or syndromes.
A. Name two families that independently evolved stem succulence. (2 points)
Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae; also Malvaceae (baobabs)
B. Name two families that independently evolved wind pollination. (2 points)
Poaceae and Cyperaceae or Juncaceae; Poaceae and Typhaceae; also Ranunculaceae,
Amaranthaceae, Fagaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaceae [but Cyperaceae + Juncaceae not
acceptable]
3. What is the labellum of the orchid flower homologous to? How might the labellum
have contributed to the extraordinary diversity of the Orchidaceae? (3 points)
The labellum is homologous to an inner tepal (petal). Once the labellum evolved, it
could then more or less easily be modified into various shapes and sizes as lineages or
species adapted to different pollinators.
4. What is an herbarium and why are herbaria important to biodiversity studies? (2
points)
A herbarium is essentially a plant library, containing pressed and dried specimens of
plants and also usually fungi. The specimens help to document the geographic
distribution of species, their habitats, and range of variation, and therefore provide
fundamental knowledge for analysis of patterns of biodiversity.
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Name: ________________________
5. Choose either the Fabaceae or Poaceae, and discuss the extraordinary economic and
ecological importance of the family. (3 points)
Fabaceae: Important points include N-fixation, large presence in tropical forests, many
food crops with seeds complementing the proteins found in grains and other uses (e.g.,
wood, biofuels, forage and cover crops).
Poaceae: Important points include cosmopolitan terrestrial distribution and dominance
in many habitats, major grain crops but also many other uses (e.g., structural materials,
biofuels, sugar, forage and cover crops).
4. Match each taxon on the right with the best or most appropriate adaptations/characters
from the column on the left. Put your answer in the 2nd column. Each taxon and
adaptation must be used only once. (1 point each, 10 points total)
Adaptations/Characters
Trees; solitary flowers;
elongated receptacle
Spadix subtended by a
spathe; netted leaf venation
Usually equitant leaves; 3
stamens; inferior ovary
Usually of wet habitats;
female flowers enclosed by a
perigynium
Latex often present; flowers
unisexual; 3-carpellate
gynoecium
Usually herbs with dissected
leaves; numerous stamens;
apocarpous gynoecium
Epiphytic habit; flowers with
a conspicuous labellum;
pollinia
Vines usually with tendrils;
flowers unisexual, females
with an inferior ovary
Floating aquatics; enlarged
receptacle; beetle pollination
Epicalyx; calyx valvate;
stamens monadelphous or
polydelphous
D
Taxon
A. Nymphaeaceae
H
B. Orchidaceae
I
C. Ranunculaceae
J
D. Magnoliaceae
G
E. Cucurbitaceae
C
F. Malvaceae
B
G. Euphorbiaceae
E
H. Araceae
A
I. Iridaceae
F
J. Carex
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Name: ________________________
SECTION 2: Fill in the blank or true/false or multiple choice (24 points total; 1 point
each). Provide the appropriate term in each blank or indicate unambiguously whether the
statement is true or false or pick the one best answer.
1. ____Carpels____ and ___flowers___ are synapomorphies for angiosperms. [Also:
fruit, ovules with two integuments, reduced female gametophyte (no archegonium),
double fertilization, 3n endosperm, stamens with two pairs of lateral pollen sacs (thecae),
pollen 3-nucleate, pollen tube, and phloem of sieve tube members each with 1 or more
companion cells derived from the same mother cell. Not strictly synapomorphic but
acceptable: vessels]
2. Siliques and silicles are the modified capsule fruit type characteristic of the
______Brassicaceae_____ (family).
3. Which one of the following is not a synapomorphy for the monocots?
____ a. leaves with a sheathing base
__X_ b. vascular cambium
____ c. embryo with one cotyledon
____ d. scattered vascular bundles
____ e. pentacyclic flowers
4. True or false? The presence of tricolpate pollen is a synapomorphy for the eudicots.
5. True or false? Of the seed plants, only angiosperms are heterosporous.
6. __Amborellaceae__ (family) represents the oldest living lineage of angiosperms.
7. True or false? The fruit type in maples (Acer) is a samara.
8. True or false? Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are examples of aggregate
fruits.
9. The species mentioned in the previous question (#8) are all members of the
____Rosaceae____ (family), which is characterized by showy, 5-merous flowers with a
hypanthium and usually numerous stamens.
10. True or false? Syncarpy, well defined floral whorls, and stamens with a slender
filament are considered plesiomorphic within the angiosperms.
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Name: ________________________
11. The gymnosperm family ___Gingkoaceae___ is distinguished by dioecy, the
presence of fan-shaped, deciduous leaves with dichotomous venation, and usually paired
ovules not in cones.
12. A taxonomic treatment of a group of plants in a given region or political unit is
known as a(n)
____ a. monograph
____ b. revision
____ c. dichotomous key
__X_ d. flora
____ e. environmental impact statement
13. The spines in the Cactaceae are homologous to ____leaves____.
14. The synapomorphic fruit type of the Poaceae is the
__X_ a. caryopsis
____ b. capsule
____ c. achene
____ d. utricle
____ e. drupe
15. The ____receptacle____ is the tip of the short shoot that bears the whorls of a
flower; the ____hypanthium_____ is the cup-like structure formed by the fusion of the
bases of the sepals, petals and filaments.
16. Opposite leaves with swollen nodes, 5-merous flowers and often toothed or notched
petals characterize the ____Caryophyllaceae____ (family).
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Name: ________________________
17. True or false? The fossil record shows that the major lineages of angiosperms
(ANITA grade, magnoliids, monocots, Ceratophyllaceae, eudicots) first appeared about
10 million years ago.
18. If flower parts are described as epigynous or epiperigynous, then the ovary must be
___inferior___ (position).
19. The swollen base or apex of the petiole that helps orient the leaf in the Fabaceae is
known as the
____ a. leaflet
____ b. stipule
__X_ c. pulvinus
____ d. petiolule
____ e. rachis
20. Secondary growth in the form of wood is seen in many seed plant families including
____Pinaceae____ and ___Cupressaceae____. [Also: Gingkoaceae, Amborellaceae,
Magnoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Fagaceae,
Sapindaceae]
21. True or false? There are many more species of gymnosperms than angiosperms.
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Name: ________________________
SECTION 3: LABORATORY PRACTICAL (30 PTS TOTAL; 1 PT EACH)
Name: _____________________________________________
TA: _______________
1. Ranunculaceae
16. Malvaceae
2. apocarpous
17. Epicalyx
3. Pinus
18. Mimosoideae
4. Polygonaceae
19. Amaranthaceae
5. ocrea
20. curved embryo
6. Poaceae
21. Cucurbitaceae
7. spikelet
22. Brassicaceae
8. Cactaceae
23. tetradynamous
9. Cupressaceae
24. Liliaceae
10. Euphorbia
25. Salicaceae
11. cyathium
26. Orchidaceae
12. Araceae
27. Fabaceae
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Name: ________________________
13. leaf
28. diadelphous
14. Nymphaeaceae
29. Juncaceae
15. aquatic
30. Carex
Bonus points (3 points; 1 point each)
A) Genus? Typha
B) Monocot or dicot? Monocot
C) Monoecious or dioecious? Monoecious
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Name: ________________________
SECTION 3: KEYOUTS (20 PTS; 10 PTS EACH)
Key each of the two plants out as instructed using the keys in your lab manual. For partial credit,
be sure to indicate your way through the keys using the couplet numbers.
1. Violaceae, Viola
2. Polemoniaceae
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