* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Exam 2 S14 - Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal
Survey
Document related concepts
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Pollination wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name: ________________________ BIOLOGY 366 PLANT SYSTEMATICS EXAM II GYMNOSPERMS THROUGH ROSIDS 100 POINTS TOTAL (LECTURE 50, LAB PRACTICAL & KEYOUTS 50) SECTION 1: Short answer (26 points total). Please read the questions carefully! Be as precise as possible in your answers. 1. Gymnosperms and angiosperms together represent a major branch in the plant tree of life called the seed plants (spermatophytes). What is a seed? Name two advantages that having seeds might provide. (4 points) A seed is a fertilized, mature ovule. It contains an embryo and a source of nutrition for the embryo, and the integument(s) develop into a seed coat. Advantages include: providing a dormancy mechanism; dispersal unit; protection for embryo; nutrition source for germinating embryo/seedling. 2. Among the angiosperm families and genera we have covered to date (ANITA grade through the rosids), we have seen examples of the independent evolution of various features or syndromes. A. Name two families that independently evolved stem succulence. (2 points) Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae; also Malvaceae (baobabs) B. Name two families that independently evolved wind pollination. (2 points) Poaceae and Cyperaceae or Juncaceae; Poaceae and Typhaceae; also Ranunculaceae, Amaranthaceae, Fagaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaceae [but Cyperaceae + Juncaceae not acceptable] 3. What is the labellum of the orchid flower homologous to? How might the labellum have contributed to the extraordinary diversity of the Orchidaceae? (3 points) The labellum is homologous to an inner tepal (petal). Once the labellum evolved, it could then more or less easily be modified into various shapes and sizes as lineages or species adapted to different pollinators. 4. What is an herbarium and why are herbaria important to biodiversity studies? (2 points) A herbarium is essentially a plant library, containing pressed and dried specimens of plants and also usually fungi. The specimens help to document the geographic distribution of species, their habitats, and range of variation, and therefore provide fundamental knowledge for analysis of patterns of biodiversity. Page 1 Name: ________________________ 5. Choose either the Fabaceae or Poaceae, and discuss the extraordinary economic and ecological importance of the family. (3 points) Fabaceae: Important points include N-fixation, large presence in tropical forests, many food crops with seeds complementing the proteins found in grains and other uses (e.g., wood, biofuels, forage and cover crops). Poaceae: Important points include cosmopolitan terrestrial distribution and dominance in many habitats, major grain crops but also many other uses (e.g., structural materials, biofuels, sugar, forage and cover crops). 4. Match each taxon on the right with the best or most appropriate adaptations/characters from the column on the left. Put your answer in the 2nd column. Each taxon and adaptation must be used only once. (1 point each, 10 points total) Adaptations/Characters Trees; solitary flowers; elongated receptacle Spadix subtended by a spathe; netted leaf venation Usually equitant leaves; 3 stamens; inferior ovary Usually of wet habitats; female flowers enclosed by a perigynium Latex often present; flowers unisexual; 3-carpellate gynoecium Usually herbs with dissected leaves; numerous stamens; apocarpous gynoecium Epiphytic habit; flowers with a conspicuous labellum; pollinia Vines usually with tendrils; flowers unisexual, females with an inferior ovary Floating aquatics; enlarged receptacle; beetle pollination Epicalyx; calyx valvate; stamens monadelphous or polydelphous D Taxon A. Nymphaeaceae H B. Orchidaceae I C. Ranunculaceae J D. Magnoliaceae G E. Cucurbitaceae C F. Malvaceae B G. Euphorbiaceae E H. Araceae A I. Iridaceae F J. Carex Page 2 Name: ________________________ SECTION 2: Fill in the blank or true/false or multiple choice (24 points total; 1 point each). Provide the appropriate term in each blank or indicate unambiguously whether the statement is true or false or pick the one best answer. 1. ____Carpels____ and ___flowers___ are synapomorphies for angiosperms. [Also: fruit, ovules with two integuments, reduced female gametophyte (no archegonium), double fertilization, 3n endosperm, stamens with two pairs of lateral pollen sacs (thecae), pollen 3-nucleate, pollen tube, and phloem of sieve tube members each with 1 or more companion cells derived from the same mother cell. Not strictly synapomorphic but acceptable: vessels] 2. Siliques and silicles are the modified capsule fruit type characteristic of the ______Brassicaceae_____ (family). 3. Which one of the following is not a synapomorphy for the monocots? ____ a. leaves with a sheathing base __X_ b. vascular cambium ____ c. embryo with one cotyledon ____ d. scattered vascular bundles ____ e. pentacyclic flowers 4. True or false? The presence of tricolpate pollen is a synapomorphy for the eudicots. 5. True or false? Of the seed plants, only angiosperms are heterosporous. 6. __Amborellaceae__ (family) represents the oldest living lineage of angiosperms. 7. True or false? The fruit type in maples (Acer) is a samara. 8. True or false? Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are examples of aggregate fruits. 9. The species mentioned in the previous question (#8) are all members of the ____Rosaceae____ (family), which is characterized by showy, 5-merous flowers with a hypanthium and usually numerous stamens. 10. True or false? Syncarpy, well defined floral whorls, and stamens with a slender filament are considered plesiomorphic within the angiosperms. Page 3 Name: ________________________ 11. The gymnosperm family ___Gingkoaceae___ is distinguished by dioecy, the presence of fan-shaped, deciduous leaves with dichotomous venation, and usually paired ovules not in cones. 12. A taxonomic treatment of a group of plants in a given region or political unit is known as a(n) ____ a. monograph ____ b. revision ____ c. dichotomous key __X_ d. flora ____ e. environmental impact statement 13. The spines in the Cactaceae are homologous to ____leaves____. 14. The synapomorphic fruit type of the Poaceae is the __X_ a. caryopsis ____ b. capsule ____ c. achene ____ d. utricle ____ e. drupe 15. The ____receptacle____ is the tip of the short shoot that bears the whorls of a flower; the ____hypanthium_____ is the cup-like structure formed by the fusion of the bases of the sepals, petals and filaments. 16. Opposite leaves with swollen nodes, 5-merous flowers and often toothed or notched petals characterize the ____Caryophyllaceae____ (family). Page 4 Name: ________________________ 17. True or false? The fossil record shows that the major lineages of angiosperms (ANITA grade, magnoliids, monocots, Ceratophyllaceae, eudicots) first appeared about 10 million years ago. 18. If flower parts are described as epigynous or epiperigynous, then the ovary must be ___inferior___ (position). 19. The swollen base or apex of the petiole that helps orient the leaf in the Fabaceae is known as the ____ a. leaflet ____ b. stipule __X_ c. pulvinus ____ d. petiolule ____ e. rachis 20. Secondary growth in the form of wood is seen in many seed plant families including ____Pinaceae____ and ___Cupressaceae____. [Also: Gingkoaceae, Amborellaceae, Magnoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Fagaceae, Sapindaceae] 21. True or false? There are many more species of gymnosperms than angiosperms. Page 5 Name: ________________________ SECTION 3: LABORATORY PRACTICAL (30 PTS TOTAL; 1 PT EACH) Name: _____________________________________________ TA: _______________ 1. Ranunculaceae 16. Malvaceae 2. apocarpous 17. Epicalyx 3. Pinus 18. Mimosoideae 4. Polygonaceae 19. Amaranthaceae 5. ocrea 20. curved embryo 6. Poaceae 21. Cucurbitaceae 7. spikelet 22. Brassicaceae 8. Cactaceae 23. tetradynamous 9. Cupressaceae 24. Liliaceae 10. Euphorbia 25. Salicaceae 11. cyathium 26. Orchidaceae 12. Araceae 27. Fabaceae Page 6 Name: ________________________ 13. leaf 28. diadelphous 14. Nymphaeaceae 29. Juncaceae 15. aquatic 30. Carex Bonus points (3 points; 1 point each) A) Genus? Typha B) Monocot or dicot? Monocot C) Monoecious or dioecious? Monoecious Page 7 Name: ________________________ SECTION 3: KEYOUTS (20 PTS; 10 PTS EACH) Key each of the two plants out as instructed using the keys in your lab manual. For partial credit, be sure to indicate your way through the keys using the couplet numbers. 1. Violaceae, Viola 2. Polemoniaceae Page 8