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Agenda • • • • Homework: collect, distribute Ishmael questions/test/jeopardy Video: Michael Wood on the Renaissance. Video: The Machine That Made Us – Gutenberg’s Printing Press -https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=O6KmzuULPmQ • Finish last lecture: new national monarchies. • Essay on Wednesday. How to re-establish order and sanity in the terrible 14th century? 1. The National Monarchies Arise 2. Reform the Catholic Church (Western Christianity). The Cure – the National Monarchies • With the slow decline of the Papacy and Western Christianity during the 14th century, monarchs projected power. • Think of Henry 4th of the Holy Roman Empire; of Philip 4th of France handpicking his own Pope; of Henry 2nd of England quarreling with Archbishop Thomas Becket. • Feudalism = decentralization; National Monarchies = centralization • The new National Monarchs meant order in a time of disorder. They also meant that the balance between the Church and State in the West was shifting toward the State. The Powers of Monarchs Grew • • • • • • The rise of the new National Monarchies occurred over 400 years, starting at about 1000 c.e. Monarchs consolidated their holdings (lands) by many means: marriages, wars, and treaties. Over 400 years, these consolidations of kingdoms led to ‘super kingdoms’ with great resources (land, money, artisans) We see the change reflected in new terms for those who rule and those that are ruled: Kings became monarchs; subjects were soon to become citizens. To rule effectively, the kings needed better administration. They created better tax systems, larger bureaucracies, bigger armies – all because of increased revenues. The bureaucrats = bailiffs, sheriffs. When bankruptcy threatened, monarchs now had new sources of wealth – like Jacob Fugger and Jacques Coeur. Monarchs fostered ties with the rising merchant middle class in the towns. In return, the new monarchs ennobled these merchants – and angered the older nobility. Fugger and Coeur were bourgeois merchants – the first bankers of Europe. France Centralizes and Leads the way • • • • • By 1285, Philip IV of France, envious of the Pope’s authority to tax and try Catholics in France, arrest Pope Boniface VIII. Philip’s complaints: the church did not pay enough taxes to his royal courts; the Church claimed immunity from royal laws, it insisted on filling church positions with the enemies of Philip. Philip roughs up Pope Boniface, hastens his death, and then moves papacy to Avignon in France and handpicks the Pope’s successor. So much for Papal Supremacy and Infallibility… Philip the 4th was a sign of things to come – the new national monarch. Philip IV of France, looking very imperial. Philip 4th of France (left, seated) receives the homage of Edward 1st of England. Other States Followed suit: Spain is born • By 1492,Ferdinand and Isabelle in Spain created one of these ‘superkingdoms’: Spain. • The kingdoms of Castille and Aragon are linked through royal marriage. • Spain in the New World, in Italy The Consequences Never again did the popes in the late Middle Ages have the power that the early medieval popes had. By the 13th century, the French monarchy was the best governed and wealthiest in Europe. A sign of things to come… Important Royal Houses or Dynasties of Europe As smaller kingdoms were consolidated into larger kingdoms, a few royal families controlled Europe • Hapsburgs à Austria and Spain • Plantagenet and Tudor à England • Bourbon and Valois à France The odd man out: The Holy Roman Empire • An elected king ruled over 240 principalities and duchies. • The Emperor had to concede power to others in order to remain king. No centralized power existed. • And this decentralization of power explains the late unification of Germany (in 1870) and Italy. Italy is the exception: The City-States Were Divided • Italy was not unified: it had three parts: • The Papal states stood apart, ruled by the Pope. • The northern City-States were independent and powerful: falling between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal States, they gained their independence. – The City-States were of two kinds: Republics and Despotisms ruled by a powerful family. • The Kingdom of Naples to the south was poor. Let’s Sum It Up 1300-1466 1. After 300 years of growth, expansion, and the creation of a stable feudal order, Medieval Europe went on the skids by 1300. 2. Man-made and natural causes led to the death of half of the population in the West in less than 100 years. The Black Plague (1348) killed most, but famine and warfare also were costly – the most destructive war being the Hundred Years War between France and England. 3. The effects of this population decline were many, The key one is this – the medieval order based on manorialism and feudalism began to decline. 4. A new order or spirit was about to appear – with new political ideas, new cultural ideals, and new art and literature. It’s called the Renaissance. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance C.E. 1300-1640 World Map Definitions of the Term Renaissance • The Renaissance was a rebirth of Greco-Roman learning that led Renaissance men and women to redefine their place in the world. • About 1300 to 1640. • The Renaissance was also a set of transformative ideas that marked a break with Medieval Europe (500-1300). • Four of these ‘transformative ideas’ were – – – – – Individualism Realism Secularism Activism Other Renaissance Values that were NEW • 1. 2. 3. 4. Individualism Activism Realism Secularism or Worldliness • • • In the Renaissance, elite society began to drift from communal values (where anonymity is a virtue) to the values of the individual (where Fame and Celebrity are valued). One sign of this: the birth of the “genius”. Activism: it was not enough to isolate oneself in a monastery and to pray, untempted by ambition and desire. One SHOULD actively seek to change This-World. How to do this? Through Realism in Art – a new concern for seeing ThisWorld As It Is. Secularism = a concern with ThisWorld, not the next; secularism means to be free from religious rule and teachings. The Two Historical Periods: Medieval v. Renaissance The Medieval World 500-1500 The Renaissance World 1300-1640 • Reliance on the bible and the Early Christian Fathers as interpreted by the local priest. • Perfecting the Christian community through selflessness, obedience, tradition. • A focus on The-OtherWorld: on god and the hearafter. • A revival of Roman and Greek antiquity – their philosophies, literature, political thought, architecture…. • Perfecting the Individual rather than the community. • A focus on This-World: on secularism and living in the world. Humanism A Key Concept of the Renaissance • To understand the Renaissance, one must understand Humanism. Humanism was a new view of man’s place in the world. • By 1330, humanism was a 1.) teaching method and a 2.) program that focused on remaking our understanding of the world through a study of the Roman and Greek past. It was opposed to Scholasticism. • A Rejection: Humanism actively rejected a blind obedience to medieval values, such as theology and the other world. It saw the Gothic as barbaric; it embraced change. • A Recovery: Humanists believed in going directly to the primary sources instead of just accepting what people said about the Greco-Roman past. The past they found in the Republican Roman past was “of the human” – about eloquence, the world, trade, the arts. THIS-world rather than the OTHERworld. • Moving from the narrow, abstract theology of Medieval Europe, Humanism sought to create a broad, general education instead. It concentrated on the traditional liberal arts: rhetoric, grammar, philosophy, ethics, poetry, and history – not just theology and the afterlife. Renaissance Education and Philosophy • The Renaissance witnessed a great push to find, recover, and clarify what the classical past was. For humanists, Republican Rome stressed activity and engagement in life, not monastic withdrawal. • Humanists stressed individual selfdevelopment, action rather than pious passivity and retreat, a life in which reason and will would be used to improve this world, not the next. Petrarch, Trailblazer Petrarch – the Essential Humanist (1304-1374) Petrarch of Florence • Petrarch, a Florentine, embodied the New Spirit of humanism. He was a poet, scholar, and book-collector -- the father of humanism. • To Petrarch the medieval world was small and cramped – a suffocating world in need of fresh air. Instead of a focus on the Bible and the papacy, he chose to focus on nature and reason. • He used the humanist method: research, comparing of texts for accuracy, dating and quoting precisely. The Roman orator Cicero was Petrarch’s spiritual father. • But it took more than a love of the GrecoRoman past to bring about the Renaissance. It took new inventions. The Printing Press, 1454 • New Ideas without a way to spread the new ideas = a dead end. • Literacy and a reading public are born. • The printing press reduced the price of books through mass production • It broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning. Technology Matters: The West on the Rise Firearms Magnetic / Nautical Compass Sea charts (maps) and pilot books Why did the Renaissance Start in Italy? • Though the Renaissance would become a European-wide movement, it began in Italy by 1300. • The revival of Commerce and Town Building was more intense in northern Italy than anywhere else because of its nearness to the Mediterranean and the Byzantine Empire. • In Italy, in the wake of the Black Plague, luxury goods were sought after. Prices plummeted as supply over-ran demand. Trade was brisk. • The presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe. It was primarily the northern Italian city-states that dominated the Italian Renaissance. The central and southern cities remained agricultural. Note that each city-state, as a city-state, was independent of the others. Also, they controlled the surrounding region and specialized in certain industries. They would sometimes go to war with each other. Florence is the City-State in Which the Renaissance Flourished First Coluccio Salutati Florentine Humanist-Politician-Cultural Leader Salutati and the “Republic of Letters” • Salutati lived from 1331-1406 and was the Chancellor of Florence before the Medicis ruled Florence. • Diplomat, book-collector, humanist. Master of the formal letter. • The Writer: “The Ape of Cicero”: why? • A Scholar: he discovered Cicero’s lost Letters to his Friends and had an 800-volume library. • A Public Officer: appointed magistrate of Lucca, papal diplomat, and chancellor. • “I have always believed," Salutati wrote ”that I must imitate antiquity not simply to reproduce it, but in order to produce something new.” • Salutati illustrates the humanist love of learning, the past, activism in politics, and books. Cosimo de Medici of Florence 1389-1464 • While there were several powerful families in the city-state of Florence, the one that emerged as the leader of the city-state was the Medici family. This was in 1434. • This is primarily due to the skill of Cosimo de Medici, a banker. Cosimo was a brilliant political tactician and also a brilliant businessman. He ruled indirectly. • He amassed a huge banking fortune and used it to buy political power as well as financing art projects in Florence. He funded the wool industry in Florence. • But where there is great wealth to be gained, there are many rivals. Marsilio Ficino – Florentine Humanist • Cosimo de Medici was also a patron of the arts and learning, a new combination then. • Charlemagne had Alcuin; Cosimo di Medici had Marsilio Ficino. • Backed by Cosimo de Medici’s money, Ficino (1433-1499) translated all of Plato into Latin – the first full translation in the West. • He imported scholars from the East because of their knowledge of Greek and their ownership of copies of the Aristotle, Plato, and others. The Final in History 1 • December 17, 2014 (Wednesday), 10:30 to 12:30 • Bring: – A green or blue book to write your answers in. – A pen or pencil – Your notes (worksheets too!) – Your take home essay assignment Lorenzo the Magnificent of Florence 1449-1492 • A few years after Cosimo de Medici died, his grandson Lorenzo took power at 20 (1469). • Lorenzo, of course, came to be known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo Il Magnifico, …looking quite happy with himself… • In this painting, note the peace and prosperity of the Tuscan countryside over Lorenzo’s shoulder. And Why Was Lorenzo the Big Man on Campus? • One big reason is the massive effect he had on the Florentine Renaissance. He sponsored a great deal of art and literature with the Medici fortune in banking. In this he imitated his grandfather, Cosimo. • A few of the artists who enjoyed his patronage were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Donatello. • He also helped to start philosophical academies that reexamined ancient Classical works and philosophies. • He was a Renaissance Man – an athlete, a patron of the arts, a soldier, a diplomat, a grower of exotic fruit trees… • Note his activism and individualism Lorenzo’s Archenemy: Savonarola • The materialism and luxury and money of the Medicis was not universally approved in Florence and elsewhere. • Girolamo Savonarola, a Dominican priest, and the Bonfire of the Vanities, 1497. • A year after the Bonfire, Savonarola was burned at the stake as well. • Savonarola shows us that the new worldliness of the Renaissance was not universally welcomed, especially by the Catholic Church. A New Style of Princely Governing: Machiavelli • Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527, a Florentine, diplomat, humanist, and political analyst. • He was absorbed by one big question: How to gain and hold power? • The old ruling style in medieval Europe: pretend that ethics matters, that policy is set by obedience to what is right – but do what you want. • The new ruling style: stop pretending that Christian morality rules state affairs: lying is sometimes justified. • Machiavelli’s Rule #1: If you must choose between being loved or feared as a Prince, choose being feared. The State comes first, not morality. The New Renaissance State System (Who are the heavy hitters?) The Holy Roman Empire v. the Papacy Venice Florence Milan Genoa The Papacy v. The Holy Roman Empire Renaissance Europe was dominated by three great powers – the Catholic Church in Rome, France, and the Holy Roman Empire In between fell the Italian CityStates, rich and bustling with trade. …they were fought over by these three Great Powers. Renaissance Society Or, the Further Decline of Feudal Bonds • Renaissance society was not medieval or feudal. At the top were warriors and princes, as usual, but now bankers and merchants joined them – the bourgeoisie. • The city-states where were this new Middle-Class amassed their wealth. • See Signior Frederico da Montefeltro, 1476, in Urbino – condottieri. • Marriages were frequently arranged to strengthen business ties Renaissance Society • Extreme social stratification divided into factions around the wealthiest merchant families • Class division sharpened at this time. The poor increasingly attempted to improve their social status --The Ciompi Revolt (1378) -- “populo minuto” or lower classes. • The Art created by this new merchant elite reveals many things, such as the “The Cult of the Individual” Renaissance Society • A Father’s authority over his family was unquestioned – as ever. • Some wealthy women played an important role in Italian citystates --Isabella d’Este of Mantua • Concentration of wealth among great families -- “populo grosso” Renaissance Economics • • • • • By 1400, in the wake of the Black Plague and constant warfare, profit-making for many became more important than Church doctrine and leading the Christian life. To overcome guilt, profit-makers indulged in philanthropy Guilds were in decline…. High profits led to economic diversification: into banking, mining, global trade, luxury goods The search for new markets and resources eventually led Europeans to search beyond Europe – and the discovery of the “New World.” Renaissance Economics • Whereas Medieval Society tended to be agrarian and small, Renaissance Society saw the rise of cities and long-range trade routes – routes that went into the China and India. • The world was opening up by 1500 • With the rise of cities – as in L.A. – cultural influences were many and the art scene grew. • Art became the way to advertise economic success – one’s status. Renaissance Economics • The vast number of portraits painted during this era reveals a focus on the individual • The art shows a growing humanism and secularism in a Christian context • Man was seen less as a prisoner of his fate (the Medieval man), more as a take-charge business-man who could shape his world. • Why wait for the next life? Bling was to be had here and now. Bling Today Renaissance Bling Most medieval art tended to be very flat and nearly always had religious subject matter. Look at these pre-Renaissance (medieval) paintings. Renaissance Art A transformation of European society, economics, and politics changed the way European people saw the world. The new reality of Renaissance Europe required a new way of representing that reality. The biggest innovation was the use of perspective. When you look at a scene, parallel lines seem to get closer to each other the farther in the distance they go. Eventually they meet at a vanishing point. Think of standing on a railroad track and looking down them. The Renaissance artists reduced this visual commonplace to a mathematical formula and sought to create the ‘perspective effect’ in their art. Renaissance artists started exploiting perspective or this optical illusion in their art. The advantage of it is that you created the illusion of a three-dimensional image on a flat, two dimensional surface. The image looked more true-to-life. Realism was improved. Before and After: Medieval and Renaissance Views of the Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci, “Last Supper” 1500 1016 ce. “Last Supper” Perspective Not One, but Two Renaissances (1300-1640) Southern • Centered on Northern Italy and the City-States • Started earlier – by 1300 • Key figures: – Michelangelo – Leonardo Da Vinci – Petrarch • Chief achievement: art, architecture, political theory Northern • Centered in England and France • Starts by 1550 • Key figures: – Desiderius Erasmus – Thomas More – William Shakespeare • Chief Achievement: religious reform, plays, humanities in higher education Will the Real Father of the Renaissance Stand Up? Erasmus -- Catholic Reformer • Lives from 1466-1536 • Rotterdam: Dutch • Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. • New translations of the Bible • Praise of Folly (1509) • Erasmus as a bridge between the Renaissance and the Reformation. • He illustrates the Renaissance values of individualism, reverence for the Roman past, and secularism. Three Points on the Renaissance 1300-1640 • The Renaissance period in European history was a sharp break with what had gone before – the Medieval. • Renaissance thinkers remade their view of the world by attempting to re-interpret the works of Greek and Roman culture. They looked to the past (to history) to change the present. • In art this rethinking led to more realistic (threedimensional) art; in political thought, it led to a greater concern not with the after-life, but with This-World. How does Europe in 1500 differ from our world today? (cont.) • You can’t get ahead (be real), so be happy with your social position. • If you own land, you’re somebody. Otherwise…. • The best technology has no computer parts, few moving parts, and uses human power to run it. The Fork. • Terms that will get you thrown in jail: – – – – – democracy personal freedom get-rich-quick equal rights careers open to merit. How does Europe in 1500 differ from our world today? • It is a world lit by candles. • The social pyramid is topped by powerful warriors, not corporations or rich men. • There are no community colleges anywhere. • You have no social security card or passport or ID. • What’s important to know is ancient: it’s what your priest and lord says it is. • There are no female teachers, female administrators, or female governors. • No one can read – so there are no libraries or books or magazines. • All of us farm, just like our fathers did -- so grab that plow and pray for rain. Pico Di Mirandola • He was the student of Marsilio Ficino. • Man is the measure of all things. (individualism) Lorenzo Valla Renaissance How did the Renaissance Differ from the Middle Ages? What comes to mind when you hear the word “Renaissance”? In-Class Essay You will have the rest of the class to write this essay. You may use your notes so long as they are handwritten and your own. Think about the key values of the Renaissance: individualism over community, realism over faith, and activism over passive obedience. In what ways do contemporary U.S. society and culture also exhibit or show these values? In what ways are they expressed in public policy today? Be specific in the examples you use. Plagues, Wars, and new Nation states…but European Culture Thrived Thomas Aquinas: The Einstein of the Middle Ages What Aquinas Did • It fell to Aquinas to reconcile Greco-Roman culture and Latin (Catholic) Christianity. • He built upon the work of Anselm and Abelard and other Scholastic churchmen. • To show that Faith and Reason were not contradictory, he wrote the Summa Theologica – a mashup of the Bible, Greco-Roman philosophers, and common sense which showed that – • ‘Since the Divine has made both reason and faith, they are not at odds with each other, but parts of a harmonious whole. Language and Literature • • • • Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic (or Western) Church. To be educated was to know Latin – “Schoolman’s Latin” Illiteracy rules: few books, no printing press, no journals, and hence no general reading public Vernacular = a local dialect of Latin; in time, these dialects become French, Spanish, Italian. Chaucer in England and Dante in Florence, Italy are the first to turn these dialects into rich, poetic, and expressive languages. Language = History Each Word Comes from Somewhere and Tells a Story Indo-European Language: A “protolanguage” Latin Germanic language Language from Latin, lingua = tongue History from Greek, historia = story Slavic language English is Many Languages Anglo Saxon Latin, Greek, Sanskrit French English Medieval European Literature Took many forms in the middle ages Hymns, prayers, and sacred songs Mystery, Passion, and Morality Plays Church histories and Saints’ Lives National Epics: El Cid, the Song of Roland, the Nibelungenlied. • Arthurian Prose ‘romances’ and Courtly Love • Fabliaux and the rise of the Middle Classes • • • • Geoffrey Chaucer in England • • • • Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. He liked stories. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. See the “Wife of Bath Tale” Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. Dante Alighieri in Italy • Durante degli Alighieri (1265 – 1321), commonly known as Dante, was an Italian poet of the Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Commedia and later called Divina, is often considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. • In Italy he is known as "the Supreme Poet" (il Sommo Poeta) or just il Poeta. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains" or "the three crowns". • Dante is also called the "Father of the Italian language". Dante Alighieri Florentine • The City-State of Florence by 1300 • Dante and Beatrice • The Divine Comedy – Inferno – Purgatorio – Paradiso Why is Dante’s work an encyclopedia of the Middle Ages? What does it tell us about medieval society? Map of Europe – The Focus of this Class Other ‘Super-kingdoms’ began to Centralize as Well…. • Austria and the Netherlands combined, leading by 1500 to Charles 5th of Spain and Ferdinand 1st of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. • The nation state would become the basis of European politics for the next 300 years: a new state system appeared. • Fewer states existed, but those that did were bigger, better organized, and more powerful. What was the Renaissance? • It is a period, between 1300 and 1640, when Europe embraced new ideas, ideas very different from those that dominated the Medieval period (500-1500). • A ‘rebirth’ – but a rebirth of what? • The term “Renaissance” refers to the period of about 1300-1600 that was a new period of learning and creativity in Europe. • As some historian critics note, this doesn’t mean that medieval period was a dark age. There was still culture, learning, and such going on then. • At this time, however, there’s a sudden explosion of it and it takes a markedly different form from what was seen during the Middle Ages. • Other critics argue that this period only introduced change for the upper classes while the lower classes largely led the same miserable existence as they always had. The Video Questions • List three important themes mentioned in the video we’ve just seen. • Taking each theme separately, discuss why each theme is important. Argue for its importance. • List two further questions that you still have about the video. Questions on the Video The Renaissance • Who was Giotto? Why is he mentioned in the video? • Who was Leonardo Bruni? What was his achievement? The Mess that was The Holy Roman Empire – About 1528 The Borgia’s in Rome • Rome and the Papacy after 1417 and the Great Schism. • Martin 5th: his problems, his solution. • Pope Alexander 6 – a Borgia – and St. Peter’s. • Julius 2 and the Sistine Chapel. – Julius was to Rome what Cosimo de Medici was to Florence: a patron of the arts, a wise leader. • ddd Connect to Today Question Think about these key values of the Renaissance: individualism over community, realism over faith, and activism over passive obedience. What examples can you cite from the world today wherein societies have censored religious criticism or suppressed individual liberties to strengthen the community? What do you think of such measures? Some Questions What were the new values embraced by Renaissance thinkers and artists? What was humanism? The Video: What were some of the key points in the Michael Wood video? A New Merchant Elite Appeared During the Renaissance • Art was powered by economics in this period. As Trade increased, it produced Wealth. A part of that Wealth funded Art. • Trade was very important the Italian city-states. Demand for luxury goods increased trade. Increased trade led to more tradesmen becoming wealthy and wanting more luxury goods, and on and on. • It wasn’t uncommon for the merchants to be richer than the local nobles. • Due to the power and wealth of the merchants and guilds, the feudal system broke down here. Feudal lords didn’t run the show anymore, which helped to secure money and remove laws that inhibited commerce. • Commercial values – values about profit and financial gain – began to take the place of religious values, such as piety and faith. The Most Powerful Man in Renaissance Europe…? Anton Fugger (1493-1560) -Banker to the King, Merchant, Member of Third Estate or Order