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Name:________________________________________________________Date:_______________Block:____________ The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Page 408 Why the Blood Circulates: Your heart pumps blood to your body’s cells ____________ hours a day. Your heart accomplishes these important tasks: • • • • • How Blood Circulation Works The cardiovascular system depends on the heart and its system of blood vessels to deliver ____________________________ throughout the body. You have over ___________________ miles of blood vessels in your body. The Heart: Your heart is the _________________________ that makes the cardiovascular system work. Inside the heart are ________________ chambers. The two top chambers are called the _______________________. The two lower chambers are called the ________________________________. A wall of tissue – _____________________________ – separates the four chambers of the heart. Valves between the atria and the ventricles allow blood flow through the chambers. At the top of the right atrium is an area of muscle that acts as a ________________________ for the heart. Electrical impulses stimulate the atria to contract forcing blood into the ventricles. These electrical impulses travel through the heart to an area between the two ventricles. There they stimulate the muscles of the ventricles to contract, pumping blood out of the heart. Pulmonary circulation is the process by which blood moves between the _______________________and __________________________________. Blood that has lost oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide and wastes receives fresh ______________________________ in the lungs. That blood is _______________________________ through the body. Blood: Blood is the fluid that delivers _________________________, _______________________________, and ______________________________ to the cells and carries away ________________________________. Blood is made up of the following components: • _________________________________– the fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended. Makes up about __________________ percent of the total blood volume. Plasma is mainly water, but also contains ____________________________, ___________________, ____________________, and ____________________________________. • ___________________________________________________ – Make up about _________________ percent of normal blood. They contain _______________________________________ – the oxygen-­‐carrying part of blood. _________________________________________ – These cells protect the body against infection. Some white blood cells surround and ingest the organisms that cause disease. Others form _____________________________ that provide immunity against a second attack from that specific disease. Other types of _________________________________________ fight allergic reactions. • ______________________________________ – are the types of cells in the blood that cause blood clots to form. Platelets collect at a tear and release _______________________________ that when stimulated, they produce small ____________________________________ fibers that trap nearby cells to help form a clot. All humans have one of the four types of blood: ___________, ___________, _________________, and ______________. Each blood type is determined by the presence of absence of certain substances called _______________________________. A person must receive blood from a person who has the same antigens. People with type O blood are __________________________________ donors because anyone can receive their blood. Most blood also carries another substance called the _______________ factor. If your blood contains Rh, you are referred to as Rh positive. Blood that does not have Rh, is Rh negative. Blood Vessels: Blood vessels carry ___________________________ throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels: ________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________. • Arteries – blood vessels that carry _________________________________________ blood away from the heart. Arteries branch into progressively smaller vessels called __________________________________________. The _____________________________ deliver blood to ______________________________________. • Capillaries – small vessels that carry blood from arterioles and to small vessels called ______________________________. Capillaries reach almost all body cells. Capillaries near the skin’s surface can also __________________________, allowing ____________________ to escape the body through the _________________________. They can also __________________________ to reduce _____________________ loss if the body temperature drops below normal. • ________________________________ – blood vessels that return blood to the heart. The walls of veins are ________________________________ and less _________________________ than arteries. o ______________________________________ – carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. o ______________________________________ -­‐ carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium. How Lymph Circulation Works The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and tissues that move and filter lymph – _____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. Like __________________________, lymph contains water and proteins. It also contains fats and specialized ____________________ _____________________________________ called lymphocytes. Like what blood cells in the blood, •
these cells protect the body against pathogens – ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. • B cells: B cells multiply when they come in contact with a pathogen. Some B cells produce antibodies to fight the pathogen; others create an ___________________________________________ by preventing a second attack of the same disease. • T cells: There are two main types of T cells, Killer cells and Helper cells. T cells ______________________________and ___________________________ when they come in contact with a pathogen. o ___________________________________ release toxins that prevent infections from spreading. o ___________________________________ activate both the B cells and Killer T cells. They also control the body’s immune system. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes – _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________. White blood cells within lymph nodes ___________________ and __________________________ pathogens. Smooth muscles lining the walls of lymph vessels and surrounding skeletal muscles contract to move _____________________________ toward the heart. Two large lymphatic ducts empty lymph into __________________________ close to the heart where the ___________________________ is returned to the blood. Lymphatic system includes certain organs and tissues – such as the ________________________, ___________________________________, __________________________, _______________________________, and _______________________________________ – that help protect the body from infection. Maintaining Your Circulatory Health You can reduce your risk by making the following behaviors a regular habit. • • • • • • Blood Pressure: Pressure in the ____________________________ is created when the _____________________________ contract. As blood is forced into the ____________________________, arterial walls stretch under the increased pressure. When the __________________________ relax and refill with blood, arterial pressure ______________________. Blood pressure is ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________, particularly large arteries as it is pumped through the body. The first number (upper number) measures your _______________________________________ – the maximum pressure as your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries. The second number (bottom number) measures your ______________________________________ – the pressure at its lowest point when the ventricles relax. A healthy blood pressure is within a range of below _________________________. Blood pressure above ________________________ is considered high and places a strain on the heart. Cardiovascular System Problems Disorders of the cardiovascular system have wide-­‐ranging effects and varying treatments. • Congenital Heart Defects – are conditions of the heart that are ________________________________. A __________________________ defect is a hole in the septum that allows oxygenated blood to mix with oxygen-­‐depleted blood. Medication and possibly surgery can sometimes repair the affected portion of the heart. • ________________________________________ – is caused by a hole in the heart, or a leaking or malfunctioning valve. • ________________________________________ – are formed as a result of the valves in veins not closing tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood. • Hemophilia – ___________________________________________________. Occurs when the blood does not ______________________________ properly. Treatments for hemophilia include injections that introduce missing __________________________________________ into the blood. • _______________________________– a form of cancer in which white blood cells are produced excessively and abnormally. This causes the person to be susceptible to ______________________________, ___________________________________________, and possibly __________________________________________. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, and _______________________________________ transplants. Lymphatic System Problems Disorders of the lymphatic system can range from mild to life-­‐threatening. • _____________________________________– your tonsils help reduce the number of pathogens entering the body through the respiratory system. If the _______________________________ become infected, tonsillitis results. It is often treated with ____________________________, or surgery for chronic cases. • _____________________________________– results if the immune system is weakened and can no longer protect the body against infection. May be congenital or from other causes including _____________________, chemotherapy, and sometimes ____________________. • _____________________________________ – also known as Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. This type of cancer affects the __________________________________ found in the ___________________________ and the _________________________. Treatment may include __________________________ of the lymph nodes, _____________________________, and chemotherapy.