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1. The graph below represents the percent of
variation for a given trait in four different
populations of the same species. These
populations are of equal size and inhabit similar
environments.
Which population is most likely to survive
significant environmental changes related to this
trait?
(1) 1
(3) 3
(2) 2
(4) 4
2. Certain insects resemble the twigs of trees on
which they live. The probable reason for this
resemblance is that
(1) the trees caused a mutation to occur
(2) no mutations have taken place
(3) natural selection has favored this trait
(4) the insects needed to camouflage themselves
3. In an attempt to explain the diversity of living
things, Darwin's theory of natural selection
(1) proved evolution took place
(2) described how mutations produced variations
(3) showed that only the largest animals survive
(4) described how evolution could have occurred
4. Natural selection can best be defined as
(1) survival of the strongest organisms
(2) elimination of the smallest organisms by the
largest organisms
(3) survival of those organisms best adapted to
the environment
(4) survival of those organisms that occupy the
largest area in an environment
5. Penicillin no longer kills certain types of
bacteria that it did kill in the past. What is the
reason for this?
(1) The mutation rate must have increased
naturally.
(2) The strains have become resistant because
they needed to do so for survival.
(3) A mutation was retained and passed on to
succeeding generations because it had high
survival value.
(4) The principal forces influencing the pattern
of survival in a population are isolation and
mating.
6. In certain areas, some insect species are
becoming resistant to chemical insecticides.
The growth of this species that can survive the
insecticide is due to
(1) inheritance of acquired traits
(2) variability through asexual reproduction
(3) geographic isolation
(4) natural selection
7. According to Darwin, individuals that grow to
be adults
(1) transmit characteristics that they acquired to
their offspring.
(2) tend to produce fewer offspring than those
that do not survive.
(3) are the ones best adapted to live in their
environment.
(4) will bring about unfavorable changes in the
species.
8. An organism is able to live well in its
environment because of special characteristics
called
(1) abiotic factors
(3) biotic factors
(2) aggregates
(4) adaptations
9. How did some insects come to resemble the
trees they live on?
(1) a single gene mutation
(2) the insects changed because they ate the
wood of the trees
(3) genes were transferred from the trees to the
insects
(4) natural selections
10. After the Industrial Revolution, dark moths
outnumbered white moths in cities. The reason
for this change is
(1) the trait for dark color became dominant
over the trait for light color
(2) the new environment favored the survival of
dark moths over light moths
(3) light colored moths turned dark
(4) dark moths died due to overpopulation
11. Which area of biology studies physical changes
that have taken place in animals over millions of
years?
(1) classification
(3) physiology
(2) reproduction
(4) evolution
12. According to Darwin, offspring most likely to
survive are those that
(1) are born first and grow fastest
(2) are largest and most aggressive
(3) are best adapted to the environment
(4) have no natural predators
13. Which concept about variations is in the modern
theory of evolution?
(1) Variations occur in animals, but not in plants.
(2) Variations are acquired and will appear in
the offspring.
(3) Variations are the result of overproduction.
(4) Variations influence the survival of the
individual.
14. Structural changes that occur in certain plants
over time and help them to survive in dry
habitats are examples of
(1) nutritional relationships
(2) adaptations
(3) succession
(4) energy-flow relationships
15. A trait with low survival value to the members
of a population will most likely
(1) undergo a series of mutations in succeeding
generations
(2) cause the reproduction rate in individual
organisms to increase
(3) decrease in frequency from one generation to
the next
(4) remain unchanged in frequency through
many generations
16. Which concept states that favorable variations
allow organisms to adapt successfully to a
change in the environment?
(1) natural selection
(2) use and disuse
(3) artificial selection
(4) reproductive isolation
17. The evolution of new insect populations that are
resistant to chemical insecticides illustrates
(1) biological control (3) natural selection
(2) use and disuse
(4) low survival value
18. In Yellowstone National Park, some species of
algae can survive and reproduce in hot springs at
temperatures near the boiling point of water.
The ability to survive and reproduce at these
high temperatures is an example of
(1) aggregate formation
(2) adaptation
(3) artificial selection
(4) reproductive isolation
22. There are two kinds of moths that live in a given
environment. The table below shows the number
of each variety before, shortly after, and long
after the construction of a factory in the
environment.
19. The evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of
bacteria is an illustration of
(1) natural selection
(3) random mating
(2) use and disuse
(4) geographic isolation
Which is the reason for the change in the
population?
(1) The change in the environment selected in
favor of the gray moth and against the green
moth.
(2) The green moths adapted to the changed
environment and became gray.
(3) The factory output increased the mutation
rate at which the gray moth mutated to green.
(4) Green moths migrated into the area as gray
moths migrated out of the area.
20. Darwin observed many birds that had many
different beak shapes and sizes. There were few
beaks that were similar because of
(1) competition for the same type of food
(2) competition for a specific concentration of
oxygen in the atmosphere
(3) the presence of an excessive number of
autotrophs
(4) the presence of a disease that attacks birds
with similar beaks
21. Which factor has probably caused the increase
in the number of pesticide-resistant insects over
the past 30 years?
(1) a decrease in food production
(2) an increase in competition between plants
(3) more widespread use of insecticides
(4) greater mating between insect species
23. When lions prey on antelope, some antelope are
eliminated. Which part of Darwin's theory of
evolution may be used to describe this situation?
(1) acquired characteristics
(2) reproductive isolation
(3) survival of the fittest
(4) speciation due to mutations
24. Which concept is referred to in the cartoon
below?
26. According to Darwin, differences between
species may be the result of
(1) the disuse of body structures
(2) the transmission of acquired characteristics
(3) natural selection
(4) mutations
27. Which evolutionary concept is best illustrated by
the cartoon below?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the lock-and-key model
use and disuse
the heterotroph hypothesis
natural selection
25. Animals with favorable variations reproduce
more successfully than organisms with less
favorable variations. This statement best
describes the concept of
(1) overproduction
(2) use and disuse
(3) inheritance of acquired characteristics
(4) survival of the fittest
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
production of mutations
use and disuse
survival of the fittest
speciation
28. How does natural selection work to cause
change in a population?
(1) The members of the population are equally
able to survive any environmental change.
(2) The members of the population differ so that
only some survive when the environment
changes.
(3) The members of the population do not adapt
to environmental changes.
(4) All the members of the population adapt to
environmental changes.
29. Favorable adaptations that can be passed down
from parents to offspring do NOT include
(1) the basic structure of the organism
(2) the reflex actions of the organism
(3) the manner in which the organism carries out
respiration
(4) techniques for hunting food learned by the
parents
33. The diversity within the wild bird species in the
diagram below can best be explained by which
process?
30. The process of structural change over a long
period of time that explains diversity of living
things is known as
(1) metamorphosis
(3) migration
(2) succession
(4) evolution
31. A large number of houseflies were sprayed with
an insecticide. Houseflies that can survive and
resist this insecticide support the concept that
(1) species traits tend to remain constant
(2) biocides cause mutations
(3) variation exists within a species
(4) the environment does not change
32. Darwin's studies of finches suggest that the
differences in beak structure were most directly
due to
(1) acquired characteristics in the parent finches
(2) the size of the island where the finches live
(3) mating behaviors of the different finch
species
(4) adaptations of the finches to different
environments
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
natural selection
asexual reproduction
ecological succession
mitotic cell division
34. Evolution is defined as
(1) the change in size of body structures through
use and disuse
(2) the formation of fossils
(3) a process of growth in an organism
(4) a process of change through time
35. Which of the following is most consistent with
the modern theory of evolution?
(1) Parents pass their physical traits to their
offspring; those offspring with traits that
help them survive in the environment are
able to reproduce.
(2) Parents change their physical traits in order
to survive in the environment, then those
parental traits are passed to their offspring.
(3) Life on this planet came from another planet
far out in space.
(4) Living organisms have not changed for
hundreds of millions of years.
36. The changes in foot structure in a bird
population over many generations are shown in
the diagram below.
39. The diagrams below show the bones in the
forelimbs of three different organisms.
These changes can best be explained by the
concept of
(1) evolution
(2) extinction
(3) stable gene frequencies
(4) use and disuse
37. Which phrase best defines evolution?
(1) an adaptation of an organism to its
environment
(2) a sudden replacement of one community by
another
(3) a geographic or reproductive isolation of
organisms
(4) a process of change in organisms over a
period of time
38. If a species can no longer produce offspring, the
species will
(1) become extinct
(2) evolve into a new species
(3) adapt to its environment
(4) move to a new location
Differences in the bone arrangements support
the hypothesis that these organisms
(1) are members of the same species
(2) live in the same environment
(3) have adapted to live in different
environments
(4) all contain the same genetic information
40. Specific mass extinction of living organisms and
global climatic changes in geologic history are
thought to have been caused by
(1) the impact of asteroids or large meteors on
Earth’s surface
(2) the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth’s
surface
(3) large energy surges from the surface of the
Sun
(4) earthquakes occurring along crustal plate
boundaries
41. Why can bacteria quickly adapt to their
environment whereas humans take thousands of
years?
(1) bacteria are smaller than humans
(2) bacteria are prokaryotic and humans are
eukaryotic
(3) bacterial cells have no nucleus and human
cells do
(4) bacteria can reproduce at a much quicker
rate humans
42. Information related to the organisms found on Earth during various geological time periods is represented in the
chart below.
Which statement concerning the organisms represented in this chart is correct?
(1) Life on Earth has remained the same.
(2) Life on Earth has changed from primitive organisms to more complex organisms.
(3) Life on Earth began with complex organisms and changed to more complex organisms.
(4) Life on Earth has changed rapidly.
43. The diagram below shows the evolution of some Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the
different species of flowers.
diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Letters A through J represent different species of
organisms. The vertical distances between the dotted
lines represent long periods of time in which major
environmental changes occurred.
Which statement about the species is correct?
(1) Species A, B, C, and D came from different
ancestors.
(2) Species C evolved from species B.
(3) Species A, B, and C can interbreed
successfully.
(4) Species A became extinct.
44. Which species was the first to become extinct?
(1) E
(3) C
(2) J
(4) D
45. Which species was the most successful in
surviving changes in the environment over time?
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) H
47. A geologist finds fossils in the rock layers
represented in the diagram below. Which is a
likely conclusion that the geologist would make?
46. The diagram below shows the evolutionary
relationships between several groups of
organisms.
(1) All the fossils are of the same age.
(2) The relative ages of the fossils cannot be
determined.
(3) The fossils in rock layer D are older than
those in layer A.
(4) The fossils in rock layer B are older than
those in layer C.
Organisms with the greatest similarities would
most likely be found in which pair of genera?
(1) 1 and 3
(3) 3 and 4
(2) 2 and 3
(4) 1 and 4
48. The diagram below illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain organisms, based on the theory of
evolution.
Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram?
(1) Evolution does not involve gradual change.
(2) Evolutionary changes can result in extinction.
(3) Evolution begins with plants.
(4) Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.
49. Which technique has been used by scientists to
determine that the Earth is at least 4.5 billion
years old?
(1) radioactive dating of rocks in the Earth's
crust
(2) comparing fossils found in the upper layer to
fossils found in the lower rock
(3) using the electron microscope to observe
fossils of prehistoric microscopic life forms
(4) using x-rays to find fossils buried in the
Earth's crust
51. The diagram below shows the side of a hill
exposed by an excavation. The rock layers have
different thicknesses, colors, and textures. These
geologic layers have been undisturbed since
their formation.
50. A scientist studying fossils finds that a particular
species changes very little over the years. What
did he observe?
(1) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only
in the oldest rocks.
(2) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only
in the newest rocks.
(3) The same kind of fossil organisms appeared
in old and new rocks.
(4) No fossil organisms of any kind appeared in
the newest rocks.
The fossils in layer I resemble the fossils in layer
II, although they are more complex. This
observation suggests that
(1) all fossils belong to the same kingdom and
phylum
(2) simple forms of life may have evolved from
more complex forms
(3) many different organisms have similar
proteins and enzymes
(4) modern forms of life may have evolved from
older forms
52. The diagram below illustrates the distribution of
fossils in undisturbed layers of silt at the bottom
of the ocean.
Which inference can correctly be made from the
diagram?
(1) The fossils in layer C are older than those in
layer A.
(2) The fossils in layer B are older than those in
layer C.
(3) The fossils in layer A are older than those in
layer C.
(4) The fossils in layer A are older than those in
layer B.
53. The diagram below represents undisturbed rock
layers. A representative fossil of an organism is
illustrated in each layer.
Which statement best describes a relationship
between these organisms?
(1) Organism A was probably more structurally
advanced than organism B and organism C.
(2) Organism C probably gave rise to organism
A and organism B.
(3) All of these organisms probably evolved at
the same time.
(4) Organism A was probably more primitive
than organism B and organism C.
54. In the diagram below of undisturbed
sedimentary rock layers, in which rock layer are
the fossils of more complex animals generally
found?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) E
(4) D
55. The diagram below shows undisturbed
sedimentary rock layers at the bottom of an
ocean.
57. Similarity in the bone structures of whales, bats,
and humans leads to the conclusion that they
(1) originated in the same environment
(2) belong to the same order of mammals
(3) descended from a common ancestor
(4) have the same chromosome number
58. The diagram below shows the bones in an
appendage of a cat and in an appendage of a bird.
The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils
found in layer A. This similarity suggests that
(1) the fossils in layer B were formed before the
fossils in layer A
(2) modern forms of life may have evolved from
earlier forms of life
(3) vertebrate fossils are only found in sediments
(4) the fossils in layer A must be more complex
than those in layer B
56. Which statement is best supported by fossil
records?
(1) Many organisms that lived in the past are
now extinct.
(2) Species occupying the same habitat have
identical environmental needs.
(3) The struggle for existence between
organisms results in changes in populations.
(4) Structures such as leg bones and wing bones
can originate from the same type of tissue
found in embryos.
The similarities between these appendages
suggest that cats and birds
(1) possess the same number of chromosomes
(2) evolved from a common ancestor
(3) evolved gradually over a long period of time
(4) occupy the same habitat
59. A possible explanation for the differences in
structure, function, and behavior between
chimpanzees and humans is provided by the
(1) heterotroph hypothesis
(2) lock-and-key model
(3) cell theory
(4) theory of evolution
Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on the
diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
The diagram illustrates one possible scheme of
evolution among various groups of organisms.
62. If a mutation provides an advantage to an
organism, future generations will have that
advantage. This is a result of the process of
(1) succession
(3) mutation
(2) evolution
(4) extinction
63. The diagrams below illustrate three homologous
structures.
The structural similarities represented in the
diagrams are considered supporting evidence for
(1) the heterotroph hypothesis
(2) a common ancestry
(3) use and disuse
(4) geographic isolation
60. Which inference does the diagram best support?
(1) Members of the animal kingdom are more
complex than members of the plant kingdom. 64. In the diagram below, B, C, and D represent
(2) Members of the animal kingdom and
organisms that exist in the present time and
members of the plant kingdom share a
show a striking similarity to each other in their
common ancestry.
bone structure.
(3) Chordates are more closely related to
arthropods than to echinoderms.
(4) Echinodermata and Annelida share a
common ancestry.
61. Which two groups of organisms in the diagram
are shown to be most closely related?
(1) Porifera and Echinodermata
(2) Chordata and Platyhelminthes
(3) Mollusca and Annelida
(4) Arthropoda and Coelenterata
In the diagram, letter A most likely represents
(1) homologous structures
(2) a common ancestor
(3) an acquired characteristic
(4) geographic distribution
65. Sheep and pigs have more enzymes in common
than sheep and frogs do. This finding may
indicate that
(1) none of these animals are related
(2) frogs are not related to pigs
(3) sheep are more closely related to pigs than to
frogs
(4) frogs are more closely related to sheep than
to
pigs
67. What is the advantage of having different
shaped beaks?
(1) It allows the birds to escape predators
(2) It allows the birds to access different food
sources
(3) It allows the birds to see different prey
(4) It allows the birds to fly in different ways
68. Certain populations of insects are now starting
to resist pesticides. The survival of these
populations is a result of
(1) natural selection
(2) succession
(3) increased pesticide use
(4) use and disuse
69. What is the most likely reason for the increase
of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
(1) high rates of mutation among bacteria
(2) inheritance of acquired traits
(3) increased use of antibiotics
(4) decrease in the food supply
Base your answers to questions 66 and 67 on
66. Which process is responsible for the different
types of beaks seen in the birds above?
(1) cloning
(3) selective breeding
(2) succession
(4) evolution
Base your answers to questions 70 and 71 on the information and illustration below.
Wooly mammoths are thought to have roamed the Earth until about 11,000 years ago in a tundra-like environment
before they became extinct. Remains of the wooly mammoth have been found in Northern parts of the world
preserved in ice deposits. Some of these creatures found are thought to be 20,000-30,000 years old. Information about
the mammoth has also been gathered from drawings on cave walls by prehistoric humans. These drawings provide us
with a time frame of life, physical characteristics as well as information about where and how they lived.
70. Name one characteristic of the wooly mammoth that helped it survive in its environment for thousands of years.
________________________________________________________________________
71. List one reason that might have led to the extinction of the wooly mammoth.
(1)________________________________________________________________________
Base your answers to questions 72 and 73 on the
diagrams a student drew of the different birds he saw
on a trip.
72. The different shaped beaks give each bird some
advantage over another in obtaining food.
Pick any two birds from those shown and
describe how the shape of their beak gives them
an advantage.
1) The ___________________;
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________
2) The __________________:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________
73. Explain how all of these birds could coexist in
the same ecosystem.
74. Certain characteristics of animals help them get food or eat food.
Circle one of the animals and name one adaptation of the animal which helps it get or eat food. Explain how the
characteristic you chose helps the animal get or eat its food.
75. Base your answer to the following question on
the diagram below.
76. Base your answer to the following question on
on the diagram and description below.
The fur color on a snowshoe rabbit which lives
in artic regions turns from a dark brown to white
as winter approaches.
These bird species differ in their beak size and
shape. How do these different beaks allow for
these species to coexist in the same location?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
________________
What benefit does the rabbit gain by its fur
changing colors in the winter?
77. Charles Darwin, on his travels to the Galapagos Islands, observed many different kinds of bird beaks. He
observed that this variation in bird beaks was adapted because it is a tool for survival. Draw a beak below that
would be able to eat large and hard seeds and describe it below.
Describe your drawing of the beak. What characteristics allow the bird to eat seeds that are large and hard?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
78. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the diagram below. The diagram shows an interpretation of
relationships based on evolutionary theory. The letters represent different species.
Explain why species B and C are more closely related than species A and C are.
79. State what could happen to a species in a changing environment if the members of that species do not express
any genetic variations.
80. Consider the cartoon below.
Explain how this cartoon illustrates the concept
proposed by Charles Darwin of Natural
Selection.
_______________________________________
_________________________________
81. Base your answer on the illustration of a duck's foot structure over time.
These changes have been adaptations that allowed the duck to adapt to the environment. What advantage did
this development give to the duck?
__________________________________
Answer Key
Practice evolution [Mar 28, 2011]
1.
4
25.
4
49.
1
72. answers will vary
2.
3
26.
3
50.
3
73. They might all feed off
a different source of food.
3.
4
27.
3
51.
4
4.
3
28.
2
52.
1
5.
3
29.
4
53.
4
6.
4
30.
4
54.
1
7.
3
31.
3
55.
2
8.
4
32.
4
56.
1
9.
4
33.
1
57.
3
10.
2
34.
4
58.
2
11.
4
35.
1
59.
4
12.
3
36.
1
60.
4
13.
4
37.
1
61.
3
14.
2
38.
1
62.
2
15.
3
39.
3
63.
2
16.
1
40.
1
64.
2
17.
3
41.
4
65.
3
18.
2
42.
2
66.
4
19.
1
43.
4
67.
1
20.
1
44.
4
21.
3
45.
2
22.
1
46.
3
23.
3
47.
3
24.
4
48.
2
74. Horse - has legs to
move to its food and a
long neck to reach for
food.
Tiger - is very quick to
chase other animals and is
strong with sharp teeth.
Woodpecker - has a
narrow beak to cut into
the tree and find insects
within.
75. Competition between
the birds decreases since
each beak is specialized
for eating different types
of food. For example, a
smaller beak may only be
able to chew small berries
while a larger beak can
crack shells of nuts.
76. The rabbit will be
harder to see by animals
that prey upon it.
77. Drawing should show a
large wide beak. The beak
is large to hold large seeds
and thick enough to crack
open hard shells.
78. example: – Species B
68.
1
and C have a common
ancestor (F) that is more
69.
3
recent than the common
ancestor (H) of species A
70. thick fur, fat layer, size, and C.
strong teeth
79. examples: – The
71. Unstable
species could become
climate/environmental
extinct. – The species
conditions/disease/human does not evolve. – The
hunting
species remains the same.
Answer Key
Practice evolution [Mar 28, 2011]
80. It illustrates the concept of
survival of the fittest. The
theory states that the
environment selects for
those best adapted to
survive their
environment–including
predators.
81. It allowed the duck to
swim better.