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Practice(Packet:(Organic(Chemistry(
Regents Chemistry: Mrs. Mintz
Practice(Packet(
Chapter(8:(Organic(Chemistry(
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1
Objective:7
Organic!Chemistry"
"!
What%is%a%hydrocarbon%and%the%properties%of%
organic%molecules?%7
7
How%do%we%use%table%P%and%Q%to%write%
structural%and%molecular%formulas%for%
hydrocarbons?7
Hydrocarbons,!"
Table!P!&!Table!Q"
"!
Chemistry 200
Video Lesson 8.1
General%properties%of%organic%compounds7
General%properties%of%organic%compounds7
"!
"!
Types&of&
bonds&
present.
contain!covalent!bonds!commonly!
contain!C,!H,!O,!N,!S"
Molecular& most!organic!compounds!are!"
Polarity. nonpolar!!except!for!alcohols!&!"
Melting&
Point.
tend!to!have!low!melting!pts,!
many!are!liquids!or!gases!at!room!
temp."
.
Solubility. most!have!low!solubility!in!H2O"
Boiling&
Point.
tend!to!have!low!boiling!pts"
organic!acids."
.
.
Rate&of&
Reaction.
.
poor!conductors!of!heat!or!"
Conductivity. electricity!when!dissolved.!!
.
Organic!acids!are!the!exception."
most!organic!rxns!are!slow"
.
What!is!a!homologous!series?"
H!a!group!of!substances!that!share!a!common!property."
"!
"!
2
Alkanes.
.
.
.
&.
Examples.
Alkenes.
"!
CH4"
methane"
Ethene!C2H4"
(First!"
(1st!member)"
member)"
Saturated!vs.!Unsaturated"
Alkynes.
"!
Saturated!Hydrocarbon:"
Ethyne!C2H2"
(1st!member)"
H!contains!only!single!CHC!bonds"
&.
Propane7
C3H87
.
.
.
C3H8"
.
Propane"
.
Propene!C3H6"
Propyne!C3H4"
Unsaturated!Hydrocarbon:"
H!contains!at!least!one!multiple!Carbon!bond!!
"
"(double!or!triple)"
Butyne7
C4H67
Alkenes&&&Alkynes.
.
.
HH>"Alkanes&only.
C8H18"
Octane"
3
Objectives/
• Draw structural formulas from molecular formulas.
Organic(
Formulas/
Video Lesson 8.2
Molecular(Formula/
Structural(Formula/
• Shows the kind and number of atoms in a
compound only (generic recipe)
o C6H14
o C6H12O6
• Shows the kind, # of atoms and bonding
patterns (structures and approximate
shapes)
Molecular(formula(:(C7H16/
Condensed(Structural(
Formula/
Examples/
Molecular(Formula/
• Combination of both structural and
molecular formulas
• All atoms coming off carbon are stated after
each C
When(drawing(hydrocarbons,(
CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH3/
C3H8/
Structural(Formula/
you(MUST(always(have(4(
bonds((8eK(around(each(
element(except(for(H)/
Condensed(Structural(Formula/
4
CH3CH2CH3/
Naming(Organic(
Compounds/
Alkyl(Group/
• Also hydrocarbons, but have 1 less hydrogen than
the corresponding alkane.
• Use the same prefix found on Table P that
corresponds to the number of carbons.
• Alkly’s will end in –yl
• CH3 - methyl
1. Find the longest chain
2. Number the hydrocarbon with the lowest number
on the double or triple bond (if necessary)
3. Name the alkyl (CH3 – methyl) group (if it has one)
4. # the chain with the lowest number on the alkyl
group or substituent in alkanes only.
5. Use prefix if more than 1 alkyl group
o Di
o Tri
o tetra
Give(the(name(of:
CH3
!((((((/
((((((((((((CH3─CH─CH2─CH3
STEP%1%%%%%Longest(chain(is(butane.(
'
STEP%2%%%%%Number(chain.(((((((((CH3
!(((((((/
(((CH3─CH─CH2─CH3/
((((1(((((((((2%%%%%%%3%%%%%%%4'
STEP%3%%(Locate(substituents(and(name.((((/
/
/2+Methylbutane
/CH2=(CH(─(CH2─(CH3( /1KButene/
(((((1(((((((((2((((((((3((((((((((4/
/CH3─(CH=CH─(CH/3
((((1(( ((((((2((((((3((((((((4/
CH3/
((((((((((((((((((((((((|/
/CH3─(CH=C─CH3
(((((4(((((((((3((((((2((((1/
/CH3─(C≡C(─(CH3
1
5
2 3
4
/2KButene/
/2KMethylK2Kbutene/
/2KButyne/
Objective:9
Functional*Groups*
How$do$we$use$Table$R$to$recognize$structural$
and$molecular$formulas$for$organic$molecules$
containing$functional$groups?$9
&**
Table*R4
Chemistry 200
Video Lesson 8.3
Creating$Structural$Formulas$from$a$Name9
Steps:9
1.*Identify*&*draw*the*parent*chain.**The*parent*chain*is*the
4longest*continuous*carbon*chain.**If*there*is*a*multiple*bond4
4in*the*molecule,*it*will*be*in*the*parent*chain*as*well4
2.*Add*any*wriBen*substitutes
3.*Fill*molecule*w/*hydrogens*using*HONC*rule
Element'
H'
O'
N'
C'
#)of)Bonds'
14
24
34
44
4*
Substituted$Hydrocarbons9
A*substituted*hydrocarbon*contains*side*groups*that*have*
been*added*by*removing*hydrogens.**These*side*groups*
could*be*hydrocarbons*or*they*could*be*other*elements.**
Thus*some*substituted*hydrocarbons*are*not*even*
hydrocarbons.**The*following*list*contains*substituted*
groups*that*you*should*know.4
1*Bromobutane4
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br4
1
6
2*Bromobutane4
CH3CH2CHBrCH34
1*Butanol4
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH4
Methanal4
*********2*Butanol4
CH3CH2CH2OHCH34
Ethanal4
Methyl*ethyl*ether4 Dimethyl*ether4
Propanone4
Propanal4
7
Butanone4
Diethyl*ether4
3*Pentanone4
Objective:9
Functional*Groups*
How$do$we$use$Table$R$to$recognize$structural$
and$molecular$formulas$for$organic$molecules$
containing$functional$groups?$9
&**
Table*R4
Chemistry 200
Video Lesson 8.4
Ethanoic*Acid4 Propanoic*Acid4
Methanoic*Acid4
Ammonia*!*NH34
**have*strong*fragrant*aromas:*pineapples,*bananas,*wintergreen**4
Methanamine4
8
Ethanamine4
Methanamide4
Ethanamide4
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Objectives'
• Identify structural isomers.
Isomers'
Video Lesson 8.3
Isomers'
• Isomers are compounds that have the same
simple molecular formula, but different
structures.
pentane'
Not3Isomers'
10
23methyl3butane' 2,2393dimethyl3propane'
C3H7O'
C3H7O'
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Objectives.
Organic(
Reactions.
• Describe and classify different types of
organic reactions.
Video Lesson 8.5
7(Types(of(Organic(
Reactions.
Combustion.
1.  Combustion
2.  Substitution
3.  Addition
4.  Esterification
5.  Saponification
6.  Fermentation
7.  Polymerization
• An alkane is burned in the presence of
oxygen to produce water and carbon
dioxide (O2 is always a reactant!)
Substitution.
Addition.
• 1 or more hydrogen atom in a SATURATED
ALKANE is replaced by another atom/group
• Atoms or groups are added at the multiple bond of
an unsaturated hydrocarbon to become a
saturated halocarbon (halide
R;H(((+(((X2(((!((R;X(((+((HX.
Alkane. Halogen. Halocarbon. Hydrogen(halide.
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Esterification.
Saponification.
• Making soap
Polymerization.
Fermentation.
• Formation of large molecules called
polymers
• C2H4 + C2H4 ! (C2H4)2
• The production of alcohol (ethanol)
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Video&Lesson&8.1:&&
Answer'the'following'questions.'
1. ____(All(organic(compounds(must(contain:
1. hydrogen
2. nitrogen
3. carbon
4. oxygen
2. ____(Which(element(is(composed(of(atoms(that(can(form(more(than(one(covalent
bond(with(one(another?
1. hydrogen
3. carbon
2. helium
4. calcium
3. ____(What(is(the(total(number(of(valence(electrons(in(a(carbon(atom(in(the(ground
state
1. 12
3. 6
2. 2
4. 4
4. ____(Which(property(is(generally(characteristic(of(an(organic(compound?
1. low(melting(point
3. mainly(polar
2. high(melting(point
4. mainly(nonpolar
5. ____(In(general,(which(property(do(organic(compounds(share?
1. high(melting(points
2. high(electrical(conductivity
3. readily(soluble(in(water
4. slow(reaction(rate
6. ____(A(hydrocarbon(molecule(containing(one(triple(bond(is(classified(as(an:
1. alkene
3. alkyne
2. alkane
4. alkadience
7. ____(What(is(the(total(number(of(hydrogen(atoms(in(a(molecule(of(butane?
1. 10
3. 8
2. 6
4. 4
8. ____(By(how(many(carbon(atoms(does(each(member(of(a(homologous(series(differ
from(the(previous(member?
1. 1
3. 3
2. 2
4. 4
9. ____(Which(of(the(following(is(a(saturated(hydrocarbon?
1. ethane
3. propene
2. ethyne
4. propane
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
10. ____Which(compound(is(a(member(of(the(same(homologous(series(as(C3H6?
1. C2H4
3. C3H4
2. C2H6
C3H8
4.
11. ____(Which(hydrocarbon(is(a(member(of(the(series(with(the(general(formul(CnH2nR2?
1. ethyne
3. butane
2. ethane
4. benzene
12. ____(Which(compound(belongs(to(the(alkene(series?
1. C2H2
3. C6H6
2. C2H4
C6H14
4.
13. ____(Which(type(of(bond(occurs(in(a(saturated(hydrocarbon(molecule?
1. single(covalent
3. triple(covalent
2. double(covalent
4. ionic
14. ____(In(which(group(could(the(hydrocarbons(all(belong(to(the(same(homologous
series?
1. C2H2,(C2H4,(C2H6
2. C2H4,(C3H4,(C4H8
3. C2H4,(C2H6,(C3H6
4. C2H4,(C3H6,(C4H8
15. ____(Which(formula(represents(butane?
1. CH3CH3
2. CH3CH2CH3
3. CH3CH2CH2CH3
4. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
16. ____(Which(formula(represents(an(unsaturated(hydrocarbon?
(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Video&Lesson&8.2:&
Background:,Structural(formulas(show(the(arrangement(of(the(atoms(within(the(
molecules(as(far(as(which(atoms(are(bonded(to(which(and(whether(single,(double(or(
triple(bonds(are(used.(
Figure'1:'
Structural,formulas,for,alkanes:,
!methane!
!ethane!
!propane!
1. Using(Tables(P(and(Q(in(your(reference(table,(draw(the(structural(formula(for(the
following(alkanes.,,Name,each,compound.
a. C4H10(
b. C5H12
c. C6H14
Figure'2:'''
Structural,Formulas,for,Alkenes,
ethene'
''propene'
butene'
1. Based(upon(Figure(2(and(your(knowledge(of(alkenes,(why(does(the(compound
methene(not(exist?
2. Why(do(the(carbon(atoms(with(the(double(bond(contain(1(less(Hydrogen(atoms(then
carbon(atoms(that(contains(a(single(bond?
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
3. Using(Tables(P(and(Q,(draw(the(structural(formula(for(the(following(alkenes.((Name
each(compound.
a. C5H10(
b. C6H12
c. C7H14
When(naming(alkenes(you(must(give(the(location(of(the(double(bond(in(the(name(when(
there(are(more(than(3(carbon(atoms(in(the(compound.((You(do(this(by(numbering(the(
carbon(atoms(and(stating(which(number(carbon(the(double(bond(is(on.(((You(can(
number(the(carbon(atoms(from'left'to'right(or(right'to'left(which(ever(gives(the(double(
bond(the(lowest(possible(numbered(location.((This(is(because(compounds(are(not(
stationary(in(the(“real(world”(and(are(therefore(constantly(moving.(See(Figure(3(below.((
Figure'3:''
1,butene!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2,butene!!!!!!!!!
!!!1,butene!
1. Using(Figure(3(and(reference(tables(P(&(Q(name(the(following(compounds:
Drawing(structural(formulas(for(alkynes(is(exactly(the(same(as(alkenes(except(they(
contain(a(triple(bond(instead(of(a(double(bond.(((
Figure'4:'
Structural'Formulas'for'alkynes'
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1,!!butyne!
!!!!2,butyne!
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!!1,butyne!
Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
1. Why(do(the(carbons(with(the(triple(bond(contain(no(bonded(hydrogen(atoms?
2. Using(Reference(Tables(P(and(Q,(draw(the(structural(formula(for(the(following
alkynes.(Name(each(compound.
a. C5H8(
b. C6H10
c. C7H12
3. Name(the(following(compounds:
Practice:,Draw'the'structural'formula'for'the'following'compounds:'
a. C8H16
b. C4H6
c. 2Whexene
d. 2Wheptyne
e. 3Whexene
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f. 1Wheptyne
Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Chemists(use(a(system(developed(by(the(IUPAC((International(Union(of(Pure(and(
Applied(Chemistry)(system(for(naming(isomers.(Here(is(a(simple(list(of(rules(to(follow.(
Some(examples(are(given(at(the(end(of(the(list.((
1. Identify(the(longest(continuous(carbon(chain.(This(chain(is(called(the(parent(chain
2.
3.
4.
5.
and(forms(the(basis(for(the(name(of(the(hydrocarbon.
Identify(all(of(the(substituents((groups(branching(from(the(parent(chain).(The
substituents(are(named(using(the(proper(prefix((methW,(ethW,(etc)(and(a(–yl(ending.
Number(the(carbons(of(the(parent(chain(from(the(end(that(gives(the(substituents(the
lowest(numbers.
If(the(same(substituent(occurs(more(than(once,(the(location(of(each(point(on(which
the(substituent(occurs(is(given.(In(addition,(the(number(of(times(the(substituent
group(occurs(is(indicated(by(a(prefix((di,(tri,(tetra,(etc.).
If(there(are(two(or(more(different(substituents(they(are(listed(in(alphabetical(order
using(the(base(name((ignore(the(prefixes).
The!following!examples!will!illustrate!this:!
**When'numbering,'the'parent'chain'
determines'the'lowest'number.(
(Draw(the(structural(formula(for(3WethylW5WmethylW3Wheptene.(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Structure,of,Hydrocarbons,
1. ethane
5. ethyne
2. propene
6. 3,3Wdimethyl(pentane
3. 2Wbutene
7. 2,3(–dimethyl(pentane
4. methane
8. 2Wbutyne
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Naming,Hydrocarbons,
1.(
5.(
2.(
6.(
3.(
7.(
4.(
8.(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Video&Lesson&8.3:&
Classify'each'of'the'following'structural'formulas'and'write'each'name'
________________________________((
______________________________(
_________________________(
_________________________(
(((((_____________________((
(((_______________________________(
_______________________________(
___________________________(
(((((((____________________________(
___________________________(
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________________________(
________________________(
Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
_______________________________(
__________________________(
_____________________________(
________________________________((
________________________(
________________________________(
Classify'each'name'and'draw'the'structural'formula'
2Rhexanol(
(
ethyl(methyl(ether(
3(heptanol(
2(hexanone(
butanal(
2(pentanone(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
ethanal(
dimethyl(ether(
3Rchloro(pentane(
4Rbromo(2Rpentyne(
1Riodo(propene(
difluroRmethane(
Video&Lesson&8.4:&
Classify'each'of'the'following'structural'formulas'and'write'each'name'
________________________((
___________________________(
_________________________________(
___________________________(
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________________________(
________________________(
Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
____________________________(
___________________________(
_______________________________(
________________________((
________________________(
_____________________________(
Classify'each'name'and'draw'the'structural'formula'
pentanoic(acid(
methyl(ethanoate(
2Rpropanamine(
ethyl(methanoate(
methanoic(acid(
ethanoic(acid(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
propyl(ethanoate(
methanamide(
ethanamide(
1Rbutanamine(
Video&Lesson&8.5:(Isomers(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Video&Lesson&8.6:&(Organic(Reactions(
Combustion:(Many(organic(compounds(react(with(excess(oxygen(to(form(carbon(dioxide(
and(water.(On(Table(I(of(your(reference,(the(first(6(reactions(are(combustion(reactions.(
Write(a(balance(reaction(for(the(combustion(of:(
1. Ethane:
2. Pentane:
Substitution:,Saturated(hydrocarbons((ALKANES)(may(replace(a(hydrogen(atom(in(the(
molecule(with(another(element((usually(a(halogen).(
Example:(((((((((((((((((((C2H6(((+((((Cl2(((→((((C2H5Cl((((+((((HCl(
Draw(the(structural(formulas(for(the(above(reaction:(
Name(the(product(C2H5Cl_____________________________________(
Write(a(balanced(reaction(for(the(substitution(of(bromine(onto(propane.(
Draw(the(structure(of(and(name(two(possible(halocarbon(isomers(formed(in(the(above(
reaction.(
Addition:(Unsaturated(hydrocarbons((ALKENES(or(ALKYNES)(can(add(an(atom(of(hydrogen(
or(of(a(halogen(at(the(site(of(a(double(or(triple(bond.((When(hydrogen(is(added,(the(process(
is(called(HYDROGENATION.((When(a(halogen(is(added,(the(process(is(called(
HALOGENATION.(
C2H4(((((+(((((Br2((→((((C2H4Br2((
Name(the(product__________________________(
Now(write(structural(formulas(for(the(addition(of(Cl2(onto(2R(butene.((Name(the(product.((
Notice(that,(unlike(substitution,(only(one(product(is(possible!(
When(hydrogen(is(added(to(propene,(what(is(the(name(of(the(new(hydrocarbon(that(forms?(
Write(a(balanced(equation(to(illustrate(this(reaction.(
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31
Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Polymerization:(Large(molecules(can(form(when(individual(units(of(molecules(
(monomers)(are(chained(together(to(form(a(polymer.((If(the(individual(monomer(is(an(
unsaturated(hydrocarbon,(addition'polymerization(my(occur(as(the(double((or(triple)(
bond(is(“broken(open”(and(a(chain(is(formed:(
Esterification:,Esters(are(compounds(which(have(pleasant(odors.((They(are(formed(by(the(
reaction(between(organic(acids(and(alcohols.,
Ethanoic(acid(and(methanol(will(react(to(form(methyl(ethanoate.(The(structural(formulas(
for(this(reaction(are(shown(below.(
dehydration'
Now(draw(the(structures,(determine(the(products(and(name(each(reactant(and(organic(
product(in(the(following(esterification(reactions:(
C2H5COOH(((((((((+(((((C2H5OH(((→(
HCOOH((((((+((((C3H7OH(((→(
C3H7COOH(((+(((CH3OH(→(
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Practice(Organic(Chemistry(
Fermentation:,In(the(fermentation(process,(enzymes(found(in(living(things,(such(as(yeast,(
convert(carbohydrates((usually(sugars)(into(carbon(dioxide(and(alcohol.((,
Glucose((C6H12O6)(is(fermented(in(the(presence(of(the(enzyme(zymase(in(yeast(to(form(
ethanol(and(carbon(dioxide.((Write(a(balanced(equation(to(represent(this(reaction:(
Saponification:&The(hydrolysis(of(fats(by(basis(is(saponification(or(soap;making.((This(
process(was(made(“famous”(by(a(scene(from(the(movie(“Fight(Club”.((The(main(characters(in(
the(film(steal(human(fat(from(a(liposuction(clinic(and(react(it(with(lye((NaOH)(to(form(soap.(((
The(reaction(looks(like(this:(
(C17H35COO)3C3H5(((((+(((3(NaOH(((→(((C3H5(OH)3(((+(((3(C17H35COONa(
The(presence(of(the(Na(and(the(NaOH(makes(this(reaction(very(recognizable!(
Occasionally,(KOH(is(used(instead(of(NaOH….(
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