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Teacher Resource Pack Unit Planning Resources Subject Area/Grade: Science/4th Grade Title: Magnetism & Electricity (FOSS) Unit Theme: Magnetism & Electricity GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS: NC Science Essential Standards; Physical Science Domain; Forces & Motion, Matter: Properties & Change, and Energy: Conservation and Transfer Strands Conceptual Lens: Systems Form & Function Identify the Big Ideas: Magnetism and electricity each have unique properties and operate by specific rules for many practical uses. Enduring Understandings Magnets stick to iron and steel. Estimated Time Frame: 23 days Atlas of Science Literacy: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2085 http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2071 (Qwiki) graphic organizers: http://www.qwiki.com/q/#/Magnetism http://www.qwiki.com/q/#/Electricity http://www.qwiki.com/q/#/Electrical_conductor http://www.qwiki.com/q/#/Insulator_(electricity) http://www.qwiki.com/q/#/Static_electricity NC Science Essential Standards Essential Questions 4.P.1 Explain how various forces affect the motion of an object. Magnets attract or repel one another. 4.P.1.1 Explain how magnets interact with all things made of iron and with other magnets to The magnetic force causes magnetic produce motion without touching them. interactions. 4.P.1.2 Explain how electrically charged objects push or pull on other electronically charged The magnetic force of attraction between two objects and produce motion. magnets decreases with distance. 4.P.2 Understand the composition and properties of matter before and after they Magnetism can be induced in a piece of steel undergo a change or interaction. that is close to or touching a magnet. 4.P.2.1 Compare the physical properties of samples of matter: (strength, hardness, flexibility, A circuit is a pathway through which electric ability to conduct heat, ability to conduct current flows. electricity, ability to be attracted by magnets, reactions to water and fire). A closed circuit allows electricity to flow; an 4.P.3 Recognize that energy takes various open circuit does not. forms that may be grouped based on their Conductors are materials that allow the flow interaction with matter. What kind of materials do magnets stick to? What happens when you bring two or more magnets together? How do magnets interact with other objects? Does an iron object have to touch a magnet to become a temporary magnet? How does electricity flow through a circuit? What does a switch do in a circuit? Can any of the test objects complete a circuit? of electricity; insulators are materials that do not allow the flow of electricity. A switch is a device that opens and closes a circuit. A circuit with only one pathway for current flow is a series circuit. A circuit that splits into two or more pathways before coming together at the battery [power source] is a parallel circuit. Electromagnetism is magnetism created by current flowing through a conductor. The strength of the magnetism produced by an electromagnet can be varied. Science is knowledge of the natural world; technology is using scientific knowledge to modify the world to solve human problems. Essential Terminology Attract Circuit Closed circuit Conductor Insulator Electricity Force Magnet Magnetism Open circuit Parallel circuit Pole Repel Series circuit Switch 4.P.3.1 Recognize the basic forms of energy (light, sound, heat, electrical, and magnetic) as the ability to cause motion or create change. 4.P.3.2 Recognize that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object or travels from one medium to another, and that light can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed. Can you get two bulbs to light at the same time? How many different ways can you wire a parallel circuit? Can you make a magnet that turns on and off? How does the number of winds of wire around a core affect the strength of the magnetism? How can the strength of an electromagnet be changed? Can you use your knowledge of electricity and electromagnetism to reinvent the telegraph? Technology Identify Misconceptions Use formative probes: Uncovering Student ideas in Science, Volumes 1-4, by Page Keeley Green Cover, Volume 4 page 67 - Magnets in Water Orange Cover, Volume 3 page 57- Batteries, Bulbs, and Wires Unpacked Content 4.P.1.1 Students know that a magnet pulls on all things made of iron without touching them, and that this pulling can result in motion. Students know that a magnet attracts some metals, but not all of them. Students know that a magnet has a force field and poles that determine how a metal affected by the magnet will behave within its field. 4.P.1.2 Students know that an object that has been electrically charged pulls or pushes on all other charged objects and that this can result in motion. Students know that electrical charges can result in attraction, repulsion, or electrical discharge. 4.P.2.1 Students know that samples of matter have many observable properties that can be measured. Students know that samples of matter can be described according to the characteristics of the materials they are made from. Students are familiar with, and can test for the following properties: strength, hardness, flexibility, ability to conduct heat, ability to conduct electricity, ability to be attracted by magnets, reactions to water (dissolve) and heat/fire (melt/evaporate). 4.P.3.1 Students know basic forms of energy: light, heat, sound, electrical, and energy of motion. Students know that electricity flowing through an electrical circuit produces magnetic effects in the wires. In an electrical Science For All Americans FORCES OF NATURE The two kinds of forces we are commonly aware of are gravitational and electromagnetic. Everything in the universe exerts gravitational forces on everything else, although the effects are readily noticeable only when at least one very large mass is involved (such as a star or planet). Gravity is the force behind the fall of rain, the power of rivers, the pulse of tides; it pulls the matter of planets and stars toward their centers to form spheres, holds planets in orbit, and gathers cosmic dust together to form stars. Gravitational forces are thought of as involving a gravitational field that affects space around any mass. The strength of the field around an object is proportional to its mass and diminishes with distance from its center. For example, the earth's pull on an individual will depend on whether the person is, say, on the beach or far out in space. The electromagnetic forces acting within and between atoms are immensely stronger than the gravitational forces acting between them. On an atomic scale, electric forces between oppositely charged protons and electrons hold atoms and molecules together and thus are involved in all chemical reactions. On a larger scale, these forces hold solid and liquid materials together and act between objects when they are in contact (for example, the friction between a towel and a person's back, the impact of a bat on a ball). We usually do not notice the electrical nature of many familiar forces because the nearly equal densities of positive and negative electric charges in materials approximately neutralize each other's effects outside the material. But even a tiny imbalance in these opposite charges will produce phenomena that Benchmarks Reference The main notion to convey here is that forces can act at a distance. Students should carry out investigations to become familiar with the pushes and pulls of magnets and static electricity. The term gravity may interfere with students' understanding because it often is used as an empty label for the common (and ancient) notion of "natural motion" toward the earth. The important point is that the earth pulls on objects. Without touching them, a magnet pulls on all things made of iron and either pushes or pulls on other magnets. Without touching them, an object that has been electrically charged pulls on all other uncharged objects and may either push or pull other charged objects. circuit containing a battery, a bulb, and a bell, for example, energy from the battery is transferred to the bulb and the bell, which in turn transfer the energy to their surroundings as light, sound, and heat (thermal energy). 4.P.3.2 Students know that light travels in a straight line. Students know that light can be refracted, reflected, and/or absorbed. range from electric sparks and clinging clothes to lightning. Depending on how many of the electric charges in them are free to move, materials show great differences in how much they respond to electric forces. At one extreme, an electrically insulating material such as glass or rubber does not ordinarily allow any passage of charges through it. At the other extreme, an electrically conducting material such as copper will offer very little resistance to the motion of charges, so electric forces acting on it readily produce a current of charges. (Most electrical wires are a combination of extremes: a very good conductor covered by a very good insulator.) In fact, at very low temperatures, certain materials can become superconductors, which offer zero resistance. In between low- and high-resistance materials are semiconducting materials in which the ease with which charges move may vary greatly with subtle changes in composition or conditions; these materials are used in transistors and computer chips to control electrical signals. Water usually contains charged molecular fragments of dissolved impurities that are mobile, and so it is a fairly good conductor. Magnetic forces are very closely related to electric forces—the two can be thought of as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force. Both are thought of as acting by means of fields: an electric charge has an electric field in the space around it that affects other charges, and a magnet has a magnetic field around it that affects other magnets. What is more, moving electric charges produce magnetic fields and are affected by magnetic fields. This influence is the basis of many natural phenomena. For example, electric currents circulating in the earth's core give the earth an extensive magnetic field, which we detect from the orientation of our compass needles. The interplay of electric and magnetic forces is also the basis of much technological design, such as electric motors (in which currents produce motion), generators (in which motion produces currents), and television tubes (in which a beam of moving electric charges is bent back and forth by a periodically changing magnetic field). More generally, a changing electric field induces The one aspect of the energy story in which students of this age can make some headway is heat, which is produced almost everywhere. In their science and technology activities during these years, students should be alerted to look for things and processes that give off heat—lights, radios, television sets, the sun, sawing wood, polishing surfaces, bending things, running motors, people, animals, etc.—and then for those that seem not to give off heat. Also, the time is appropriate to explore how heat spreads from one place to another and what can be done to contain it or shield things from it. Objects and materials can be described by more sophisticated properties— conduction of heat and electricity, buoyancy, response to magnets, solubility, and transparency. Students should measure, estimate, and calculate sizes, capacities, and weights. a magnetic field, and vice versa. Other types of forces operate only at the subatomic scale. For example, the nuclear force that holds particles together within the atomic nucleus is much stronger than the electric force, as is evident in the relatively great amounts of energy released by nuclear interactions. North Carolina Connections: (local and state resources) e-SMARTkids presented by Progress Energy: http://progressenergy.e-smartonline.net/ Museum of Life and Science, Durham, NC: http://www.ncmls.org/ High Touch High Tech (in-school fieldtrips/programs): http://www.sciencemadefuntri.net/ Annotated TEACHER Resources Websites FOSS Magnetism & Electricity Teacher Preparation Videos: http://lhsfoss.org/fossweb/schools/teachervideos/index.html#table FOSS Magnetism & Electricity Module: http://www.fossweb.com/modules3-6/MagnetismandElectricity/index.html NSTA Science Objects (free online professional development for teachers): I. Electric & Magnetic Forces: Electric Charges: http://learningcenter.nsta.org/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/7/SCB-EMF.1.1 II. Electric & Magnetic Forces: Electrostatics and Current Electricity: http://learningcenter.nsta.org/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/7/SCB-EMF.2.1 III. Electric & Magnetic Forces: Electromagnetism: http://learningcenter.nsta.org/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/7/SCB-EMF.3.1 Books Level: K-8 Stop Faking It! Electricity and Magnetism Author: William Robertson ISBN: 0-873-55236-9 Illustrated by: --- Publisher: NSTA Press, 2005 Description: Helps teachers get past memorizing all those electricity-related formulas, rules, and procedures so they can understand the subject at a level deep enough to teach it with confidence and comfort. WRITING PROMPTS Electricity cannot flow through all materials. Make a claim telling which two materials are conductors and which two are insulators. Describe in step-by-step sequence what you would do to prove what is a conductor and insulator. Tell what you would see happen as evidence that your claim is correct. As you write, remember to Follow a logical sequence and include topic sentences and supporting details. Check your spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Write several paragraphs to explain your thinking.