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Transcript
Study Guide for Earth Science Final METRICS & SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. What are the 4 main areas of Earth Science? Geology, oceanography, meteorology, astronomy 2. Be able to determine what metric units would be used to measure distances, weights, and volume. Distance – kilometers (km), meters (m) or centimeters (cm) Weights – kilograms (kg) or grams (g) Volume – milliliters (mL) or liters (L) or cubic centimeters (cc) [1mL = 1cc] 3. What is a control? The thing you don’t change in an experiment so you know what normal looks like. 4. What is a variable? Anything that changes in an experiment 5. What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? Independent – “I” change the Independent variable Dependent – Depends on how the independent variable affects it. 6. What is a hypothesis? An educated guess GEOLOGY 7. What is a rock? What are they made of? A rock is a collection of minerals bound together 8. What are the 3 different types of rocks and how does each form? Igneous – magma/lave cooling Sedimentary – compaction and cementation Metamorphic – heat and pressure 9. What is the difference between an intrusive and extrusive rock? Intrusive forms below the Earth’s surface Extrusive forms on the Earth’s surface 10. Draw the rock cycle diagram. 11. What is porphyritic texture? Mixed fine- and coarse-textured minerals bound together 12. Why are soil erosion rates faster today than in the past? Rising sea levels result in more erosion. 13. What are the major components of soil? Mineral matter, organic matter, water and air 14. What is the difference between mechanical/physical and chemical weathering? Physical/mechanical weathering is a breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the chemical composition of the rock. Chemical weathering is a change in the chemical composition of the rock. 15. In a soil profile, what is found in the following layers: a. A horizon - topsoil b. B horizon - subsoil c. C horizon – partially weathered parent material d. Below A, B, C – parent material/bedrock 16. Using the soil texture triangle in 5.2 (page 134), determine the following: a. What are the percentages of clay, silt and sand for point A? b. What type of soil exists with 10% clay, 20% silt, and 70% sand? PLATE TECTONICS & VOLCANOES & EARTHQUAKES 17. Describe how Pangaea and Continental Drift are related. Alfred Wegener theorized that the continents once all were part on one large landmass. As time went on, the continents moved away from each other by the process of Continental Drift. 18. What are the 4 pieces of evidence supporting Continental Drift? Similar fossils on different continents, ancient climates, similar rock forms and types, and puzzle piece shapes of the continents 19. Describe the theory of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics says that the crust and upper mantle are broken into plates which “float” on top of the molten layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Convection currents in the asthenosphere cause the plates to move around. 20. What are the 3 main layers of Earth? Crust, mantle and core 21. Define Lithosphere and Asthenosphere. See #19. 22. What are the different types of plate boundaries and what processes occur at each boundary? Convergent – oceanic/continental – subduction Divergent – oceanic/oceanic or continental/continental – seafloor spreading, rift valleys Transform – continental/continental - faults 23. Define Subduction. At what type(s) of plate boundaries does subduction occur? Subduction is when an oceanic plate meets and dives down under a continental plate. The oceanic plate melts and is recycled. The continental plate forms volcanic arcs. 24. Where does sea-floor spreading occur? Mid-Atlantic Ridge 25. What layer of the Earth are the plates composed of? Lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) 26. What can paleomagnetic rocks tell us? What does the magnetic striping along ocean floor indicate? Can tell us how old rocks are. We know approximately when the magnetic poles reversed. Use the magnetic “stripes” to count how old the soil is. 27. What is a seismograph? Seismogram? Richter Scale? Seismograph is the machine which records info on earthquakes. Seismogram is the record of an actual earthquake. The Richter scale is a method of classifying earthquakes bases on the total amount of damage done by the event. 28. Define epicenter, focus, and fault. Epicenter – underground center of the earthquake Focus – pl. foci: area underground where the center of the earthquake is located. 29. How are earthquakes related to plate tectonics? Caused by plate movement 30. How does a Tsunami form? An earthquake at sea causes a small wave to start which when it hits shallow water builds up height. 31. List and Describe the 3 types of volcanoes. Give an example of each type of volcano Composite – most explosive, make of various substances Cinder Cone – small round pile of ash Shield – long flat profile - Hawaii 32. Explosive volcanoes have _high_ gas, high silica, and high viscosity. 33. What is a contour (topographic) map and what does it show? Shows elevation 34. Contour lines that are close together show an area that is steep_. 35. Label A-D on the diagram to the right. A. lava flow B. pipe or conduit C. dike D. magma chamber RENEWABLE & NONRENEWABLE ENERGY 36. What are the two sources of energy that all natural processes derive their energy from? The Sun and Earth’s interior 37. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources? Examples? Renewable resources can be replaced within a relatively short span of time (a lifetime) while nonrenewable resources can take hundred, thousands or millions of years to replenish. 38. How did industrialization affect our environment? Answers will vary. They may include increased burning of fossil fuels which led to air pollution and ozone and greenhouse gas problems. 39. What are some advantages and disadvantages of the following types of power? a. wind power – ADV – cheap DIS – noisy, takes a lot of land b. hydroelectric power – ADV – little pollution, free energy source DIS – dams can get sediment deposits and not work after 50 or so years c. nuclear power – ADV – clean, lots of power DIS – if accident, BIG problems d. solar power – ADV – free energy/cheap once set up DIS – expensive to set up BIODIVERSITY, BIOMES, and POPULATIONS 40. What is a biome? An area with similar climate, vegetation and wildlife 41. Why is biodiversity important? All life depends on other life for survival. If you remove just one species, it can have a ripple effect on others. 42. How do the following threaten biodiversity? a. Pollution – kills birds and other animals by breathing toxins b. Habitat destruction – with no place to shelter, animals will leave an area c. Invasive species – species with no natural predators in an area can upset the balance of life in an area 43. Define species. Two animals which can breed and produce fertile offspring 44. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Give an example of each. Biotic is life – what kind of plants and animals are in an area Abiotic is nonliving – climate, water supply 45. What are examples of limiting factors on a population? Amount of resources (food, water and shelter) available 46. Complete the chart below regarding biomes. Biome Location Average Temp Average Rainfall Animals and Plants Deciduous Forest Desert Grassland Taiga Tropical Rainforest Tundra 47. What are examples of countries that are still developing? Sketch and age-structure diagram for a country that is developing. 48. What are examples of countries that are developed? Sketch and age-structure diagram for a country that is developed. 49. What is exponential growth? Make a sketch of the graph. What is an example of a population that exhibits this type of growth? 50. What is logistic growth? Make a sketch of the graph. What is an example of a population that exhibits this type of growth? 51. In logistic growth, why does the curve go up and down after it has reach carrying capacity? 52. What is carrying capacity? The maximum number of organisms that and environment can sustain before natural resources begin to be depleted and the population suffers. FRESHWATER 53. In what zone is groundwater located? What is the top of this zone called? What is the zone of aeration? Groundwater is locate in the zone of saturation. The top of this zone is called the water table. The zone of aeration is the area above the water table where the soil is not saturated. 54. Be able to determine whether a well would be able to get water by looking at a diagram. 55. Define Eutrophication. 56. What are some sources of groundwater pollution? Illegal dumping, industrial waste 57. What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution? examples? In point-source pollution, you know the source of the pollution. In non-point source pollution, toxin runoff across fields and the source of the toxins cannot be identified. 58. List some stream characteristics that could contribute to higher erosion rates and material transport. Speed/velocity of a stream 59. What is the Clean Water Act? In the 1970’s, mandated companies not dump waste into the local groundwater supply 60. How does velocity change as water flows around a curve? How does this affect erosion and deposition? OCEANOGRAPHY & BEACHES 61. What are characteristics of ocean waves? Wave height, wavelength, amplitude, frequency 62. Define Salinity. What units are used to express it? Amount of dissolved solids in ocean water expressed in parts per thousand 63. List and Describe some features of the ocean floor. 64. What are examples of landforms created by wave erosion? Wave-cut cliffs, sea arches 65. What is a longshore current? Current that runs parallel to and close to the shore 66. What can be done to try to limit beach erosion and its effects? Groins, breakwaters, beach renourishment 67. What is upwelling in the ocean? Deep cold waters rise up to the surface and are warmed 68. What causes tides? Gravitation pull of the Sun and moon 69. What are the three types of tides? Describe their motion. 70. Define spring and neap tides. Which one has the greatest tidal range? Spring tides occur when the Earth, Sun and moon are lined up. They result in the largest tidal ranges. Neap tides occur when the Sun, moon and Earth are at right angles to each other. 71. What is the difference between a surface current, a density current, and a turbidity current? ATMOSPHERE & WEATHER 72. What are the 4 layers of the atmosphere? Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere 73. Where is the Ozone Layer? stratosphere 74. What is the Coriolis Effect? In what direction does it affect fluids in the northern hemisphere? How does a pressure gradient affect winds? Apparent deflection to the right in the Northern hemisphere due to the rotation of the Earth 75. What are the origins for winds? Unequal heating of the Earth’s atmosphere 76. What is the difference between radiation, conduction, and convection? All are method of transferring heat energy. Radiation doesn’t require a medium to pass through (ex. Radiation from the Sun can pass through space), Conduction is when heat is transferred directly from one object to another (ex. Touch a hot pot on the stove), Convection is when heat rises, cools, sinks, warms and rises again (ex. Convection currents in the mantle, atmosphere and in a convection oven) 77. Define sublimation, deposition, evaporation, and condensation. Sublimation – solid to a gas (dry ice) Evaporation – liquid to a gas Deposition – gas to a solid (ice crystal on cold window) Condensation – gas to a liquid 78. Warm air can hold __more___ water vapor than cold air. 79. What is a jet stream? 80. Compare and Contrast High and Low Pressure systems. High – usually good weather – clockwise – called anti-cyclone Low – usually bad weather – counterclockwise – called cyclone (NOT the same as a tornado!!) 81. How does a tornado form? How does it die? Large differences in air pressure cause winds to move quickly and can begin to rotate. They die when they lose their energy (pressure begins to equalize) 82. How does a hurricane form? How does it die? Low pressure systems pick up large amounts of moisture from the warm equatorial waters which provides more energy for the storm. Must have winds >74mph. They die when they hit land and slow due to friction with land and lack of moisture 83. What is the relationship between elevation and climate? The higher the elevation the cooler the climate 84. List the characteristics of the 4 different air masses. (cP, mP, cT, mT) Continental polar – come in over land – cold dry air Continental tropical – come in over land – warm moist air Maritime tropical – come in over water – warm moist air Maritime polar – come in over water – cold dry air 85. What is the term for the boundary where two air masses meet? A front 86. Draw the diagrams for the 4 types of fronts, showing how the air masses move & the resulting precipitation. See your handout 87. What is the ultimate energy source that creates wind and waves? The sun and unequal heating of the Earth’s atmosphere 88. What instrument measures… a. wind speed: anemometer b. atmospheric pressure: barometer c. humidity: hygrometer or sling psychrometer 89. Be able to interpret a weather map. 90. What are isobars? How can you tell where the wind speeds will be the highest? Lines of equal air pressure on a map. Wind speeds will be the highest where there is the greatest difference in pressure CLIMATE CHANGE & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 91. What is climate change? What trend does it try to explain? Climate change tries to explain global warming 92. What are greenhouse gases? Why are they important? Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and allow life to survive 93. List some things that humans can do to keep our society sustainable. 94. What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)? In what products have they been used? Hair spray 95. How does the ozone layer protect humans? Blocks harmful UV rays from the Sun 96. Be able to label a diagram of the greenhouse effect. ASTRONOMY 97. What is difference between the geocentric and heliocentric model of the universe? Sun centered and Earth centered 98. What is retrograde motion? Apparent backwards motion of the planets 99. Describe contributions to astronomy of the following astronomers: a. Ptolemy – explained retrograde motion with epicycles b. Copernicus – father of modern astronomy, heliocentric c. Kepler – 3 Laws of Planetary Motion d. Galileo – telescope, moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus e. Newton – Law of Universal Gravitation 100. What is the shape of the planets orbits? elipse 101. What are the different forms of electromagnetic radiation? UV, IR, Visible light, x-ray, … 102. What is the function of a prism? The separate light 103. What information can a star’s spectrum provide? 104. What is the Doppler Effect? And what can it tell astronomers? The change in relative frequency of an object moving towards and away from you. It tells astronomers that the universe is expanding 105. Know how to interpret an HR diagram. What are the 3 regions of the diagram, and where are they located? 106. As a star’s brightness increases on the diagram, what happens to its magnitude? (Does the number become larger or more negative?) 107. What are the different layers of the sun? Corona, Chromosphere, Photosphere, Interior 108. What is the composition of the sun? Hydrogen and helium 109. What are the characteristics of sunspots? Cooler than surface 110. What is the source of the sun’s energy? Nuclear fusion 111. Describe the relationship of color and temperature of stars. 112. What do light-years measure? distance 113. What characteristic of a star does magnitude describe? 114. Describe the difference between absolute and apparent magnitude. 115. Describe the Nebular Theory. After the Big Bang there was matter scattered in the universe and over time gravity caused it to come together to form the planets and other celestial objects 116. Describe the stellar evolution of both sizes of stars. 117. What force is needed to form a star? 118. What happens when a star dies? 119. Describe black hole characteristics. 120. Provide evidence for an expanding universe. Red shift 121. What is the “Big Bang” theory? What does it try to explain? What are two pieces of evidence for it? Everything in the universe started from a single point and expanded outward. Tries to explain the origin of the universe.