Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Artificial cell wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed. Chapter 3: Cells Chapter 3: Cells I. Introduction (Outcome 3.1.1) A. An adult human body consists of about ___________________ cells. (Outcome 3.1.1) B. There are at least ___________________________ varieties of cells. (Outcome 3.1.1) C. Cells are measured in units called ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.1.1) D. A micrometer equals _____________________________________ . (Outcome 3.1.1) E. A human egg cell is about ________________________ in diameter. (Outcome 3.1.1) F. A red blood cell is about__________________________ in diameter. (Outcome 3.1.1) G. Cells have different, distinctive shapes that make possible their _______________________________________________________________________ . II. A Composite Cell A. Introduction (Outcome 3.2.2) 1. It is not possible to describe a typical cell because _________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.2) 2. A composite cell includes ____________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.2) 3. The three major parts of a cell are ______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.2) 4. The nucleus is enclosed by ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.2) 5. The nucleus contains _______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.2) 6. The cytoplasm is composed of specialized structures called ________________ that are suspended in a liquid called _____________. (Outcome 3.2.2) 7. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is contained by the _________________________________________________________________ . B. Cell Membrane 1. General Characteristics (Outcome 3.2.3) a. The cell membrane controls ____________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) b. The cell membrane is called selectively permeable because ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) c. Signal transduction is _________________________ . 3-1 2. Membrane Structure (Outcome 3.2.3) a. The cell membrane is mainly composed of _________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) b. The cell membrane has a double layer of __________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) c. The surfaces of the cell membrane are formed by ____ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) d. The interior of the cell membrane is formed by ______ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) e. The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ___________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) f. The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to ________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) g. ______________ help to stabilize the cell membrane. (Outcome 3.2.3) h. Five types of membrane proteins are ______________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) i. Receptor proteins function to ___________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) j. Integral proteins function to _____________________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) k. Enzymes of the membrane function in ____________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) l. Cellular adhesion molecules function to ___________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) m. Cell surface glycoproteins function to ____________ . ___________________________________________________________ . 3. Cellular Adhesion Molecules (Outcome 3.2.3) a. Two examples of CAMs are ____________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) b. Selectin functions to __________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.3) c. Integrin functions to ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________ . C. Cytoplasm (Outcome 3.2.4) 1. The cytoskeleton is _________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 2. Ribosomes are composed of __________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 3. Ribosomes are the sites of ___________________________ . 3-2 (Outcome 3.2.4) 4. Unlike many of the other organelles, ribosomes are not ________________________________________________________________. (Outcome 3.2.4) 5. Two places ribosomes are found are ___________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 6. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is ________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 7. The function of endoplasmic reticulum is ________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ____________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 9. Proteins move from the ER to the _____________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is_____________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 11. SER contains enzymes that___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 12. Vesicles are ______________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 13. Vesicles are formed by ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 14. Vesicles function to _______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 15. Vesicle trafficking is _______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 16. The structure of the Golgi apparatus is __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 17. The Golgi apparatus functions to ______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 18. The structure of mitochondria is _______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 19. The two layers of a mitochondrion are __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 20. Cristae are _______________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 21. Mitochondria function to ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 22. Lysosomes function to _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 23. Lysosomes contain ________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 24. Peroxisomes are most abundant in a cell of the ___________ and ______________________________________________________________ . 3-3 (Outcome 3.2.4) 25. Peroxisomes contain ______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 26. Peroxidases function to catalyze metabolic reactions____________________________________________________. (Outcome 3.2.4) 27. Peroxisomes also contain an enzyme called_________ __________, which decomposes__________________. (Outcome 3.2.4) 28. The structure of a centrosome is a _______________ Structure composed of two _____________________. (Outcome 3.2.4) 29. A centrosome is usually located near the _______________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 30. Centrosomes function to ____________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 31. The structure of a cilium is __________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 32. The function of cilia is _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 33. The structure of a flagellum is _______________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 34. The function of flagella are _________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 35. Microfilaments are ________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 36. Microfilaments cause ______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 37. Microtubules are __________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 38. Three functions of microtubules are ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.4) 39. Inclusions are ____________________________________ . D. Cell Nucleus (Outcome 3.2.5) 1. The nucleus contains _______________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 2. Chromosomes are __________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 3. The nucleus is enclosed by ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 4. Nuclear pores are __________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 5. __________________________ move through nuclear pores. (Outcome 3.2.5) 6. Nucleoplasm is ____________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 7. Two structures found in nucleoplasm are _________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 8. The nucleolus is composed of ________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 9. The nucleolus is the site of ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.2.5) 10. Chromatin is _____________________________________ . 3-4 III. Movements Into and Out of the Cell A. Introduction (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. The cell membrane controls __________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Four types of physical processes are ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Three types of physiological mechanisms are _____________ _________________________________________________________________ . B. Diffusion (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Diffusion is _______________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. A concentration gradient is ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Diffusional equilibrium is____________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Substances diffuse _________________________ with a concentration gradient. (Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a membrane are ______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 6. In body cells, oxygen usually diffuses_______________a body cell and carbon dioxide diffuses ______________________________ a body cell. (Outcome 3.3.6) 7. A physiological steady state is _________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 8. Five substances that cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion are _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 9. The three most important factors that influence diffusion rate are________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 10. In general, diffusion is more rapid over _________ distances, ______________ concentration gradients, and at _______________ temperatures. C. Facilitated Diffusion (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Facilitated diffusion requires _________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Substances that move across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion are ______________________________________________ . 3-5 (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. The hormone _________promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose. D. Osmosis (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Osmosis is ________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Osmotic pressure is _________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Water always tends to diffuse toward solutions of __________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Isotonic solutions are _______________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Hypertonic solutions are _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 6. Hypotonic solutions are _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 7. Cells __________________________ in hypertonic solutions. (Outcome 3.3.6) 8. Cells __________________________ in hypotonic solutions. E. Filtration (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. The process of forcing molecules through a membrane is ____ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Filtration is commonly used to separate _________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. In the body the force for filtration is produced by ________________________________________________________________ . F. Active Transport (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Movement against a concentration gradient is ____________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Active transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because ___ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Substances that move across the cell membrane through active transport are ______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Active transport requires cellular ______________________ . G. Endocytosis (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Endocytosis is the process of _________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Three forms of endocytosis are ________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Pinocytosis is endocytosis of _________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Phagocytosis is endocytosis of ________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Phagocytes are ____________________________________ . 3-6 (Outcome 3. 3.6) 6. Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves __________________ into the cell. (Outcome 3.3.6) 7. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must bind to a _________________________________________________________________ before it can enter the cell. (Outcome 3.3.6) 8. A ligand is ________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 9. An example of a molecule that moves into a cell through receptor-mediated endocytsosis is _____________________________________ . H. Exocytosis (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Exocytosis is the reverse of __________________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Cells secrete _______________________ through exocytosis. (Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Nerve cells secrete __________________ through exocytosis. I. Transcytosis (Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Transcytosis moves substances _______________________ . (Outcome 3.3.6) 2. A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is _________ . IV. The Cell Cycle A. Introduction (Outcome 3.4.7) 1. The cell cycle is ___________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 2. Daughter cells are __________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 3. The four stages of the cell cycle are _____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . B. Interphase (Outcome 3.4.7) 1. During interphase, a cell _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 2. The phases of interphase are __________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 3. During the S phase, the cell is ________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 4. During the G phases, the cell is _______________________ . C. Mitosis (Outcome 3.4.7) 1. Mitosis is_________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 2. In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are _______________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 3. At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has ______________________________________________________ chromosomes. (Outcome 3.4.7) 4. Meiosis is ________________________________________ . 3-7 (Outcome 3.4.7) 5. The division of nuclear material is called ________________ . (Outcome 3.4.7) 6. The division of cytoplasm is __________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 7. The four stages of mitosis are __________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 8. In prophase, centrioles move _________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope _____________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 10. In prophase, microtubules form ______________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into_________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 12. Centromeres are __________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 13. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to ___________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 14. In metaphase, the chromosomes align _________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 15. In anaphase, the _____________ of the chromatids separate. (Outcome 3.4.8) 16. In anaphase, chromosomes move toward _______________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 17. Telophase begins when _____________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 18. In telophase, a nuclear envelope ______________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 19. In telophase, chromosomes begin to___________________ . D. Cytoplasmic Division (Outcome 3.4.8) 1. Cytoplasmic division begins in_________________________ and ends in _______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.4.8) 2. ________ are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half. (Outcome 3.4.8) 3. The resulting daughter cells have identical ______________ , but they may vary __________________________________________________ . V. Control of Cell Division (Outcome 3.5.9) A. Three cell types that divide continually are _____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) B. Neurons divide __________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) C. In laboratory conditions, cells divide _________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) D. Telomeres are___________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) E. When chromosome tips wear down, a cell_____________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) F. Two types of proteins called ___________ also control cell division. (Outcome 3.5.9) G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to 3-8 _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) H. Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) I. Hormones are ___________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) J. Growth factors are ________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) K. Contact inhibition prevents ________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) L. A tumor results __________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) M. A benign tumor is ________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) N. A malignant tumor is _____________________________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) O. Two types of genes that cause cancer are ______________________ . (Outcome 3.5.9) P. Apoptosis is ____________________________________________ . VI. Stem and Progenitor Cells (Outcome 3.6.10) A. A stem cell divides mitotically to produce ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.6.10) B. A progenitor cell is______________________________________ . (Outcome 3.6.10) C. A neural stem cell gives rise to _____________________________ but not _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.6.10) D. A totipotent cell can give rise to ___________________________ . (Outcome 3.6.10) E. Pluripotent cells are _____________________________________ . (Outcome 3.6.11) F. Cells specialize by ______________________________________ . VII. Cell Death (Outcome 3.7.12) A. ______________________ is called programmed cell death. (Outcome 3.7.13) B. Like mitosis, apoptosis is a ____________________ process. Both are a__________________ of development. Mitosis is cell _______________ while apoptosis is ____________________. 3-9