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Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Biology 211 (2) Week 9! Chapter 13! ! VOCABULARY: ! Alleles: Different versions of the same gene (one from maternal, one from paternal) Benign tumors: noninvasive/ Diploid: Having two sets of noncancerous tumors where chromosomes cells divide uncontrollably Gametes: haploid, formed from meiosis (egg and sperm) Genes: A section of DNA that Haploid: One set of encodes information chromosomes Homologous: chromosomes of the same types of genes that have complementary genes Karyotype: various different Maternal chromosomes: A shapes and number of chromosome inherited from chromosomes that an the mother organism has Malignant tumors: invasive tumors that are cancerous because cells divide uncontrollably and spread throughout the body Meiosis I: The first cell division of meiosis, in which synapsis and crossing over occur and homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, producing daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell Meiosis II: The second cell division of meiosis, in which sister chromatids are separated from each other. Similar to mitosis Metastasis: when cancer cells detach from the original tumor and invade other tissues Paternal chromosomes: A chromosome inherited from the father Chromosome: Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes that differ in shape or in number in males and females. For example, the X and Y chromosomes of many animals Tumor: Forms when one or more cells in a multicellular organism begins to divide in an uncontrolled fashion ! KEY CONCEPTS:! Chapter 12: ! 1. What are the two types of defects that cause cancer?! 1. Defects that make the proteins (Rb protein) required for cell growth active when they should not be! Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 2. Defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes (p53) from shutting down the cell cycle! 2. Humans have _____ chromosomes in every cell (except their gametes). Human gametes have _____ chromosomes: ___ pair of sex chromosomes, and ___ pairs of autosomes. ! 1. 46; 23; 1; 22! 3. What is the difference between genes and alleles?! 1. A gene is a section of DNA that encodes information, while alleles are different versions of the same gene. ! 4. Briefly describe the different processes in Meiosis—Meiosis I and Meiosis II.! 1. During Meiosis I, the diploid parent cell produces two haploid daughter cells. This is when the homologs in each chromosome pair separate and go to different daughter cells. ! 2. During Meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and go to different daughter cells. There is no ploidy change. This is similar to mitosis. ! 5. How many and what ploidy of daughter cells are produced during Meiosis?! 1. Four, haploid daughter cells that contain one chromosome each. ! 6. Charts to know: