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Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 6: Learning Section 1: Classical Conditioning Some vocabulary before we start: Stimulus- something that produces a _______________ Response- the ___________ from a person or animal Conditioning- Learning Classical Conditioning- simple form of learning in which ____________ and _____________ work together. Most famous example of Classical Conditioning is Pavlov’s Dogs Pavlov used a dog to show that the pairing of something a dog liked with a stimulus that was previously neutral, even an old dog can learn new tricks. Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) The Letters of Learning: Classical Conditioning US- (Unconditioned stimulus) causes a response that is __________________ or not ______________ UR- (Unconditioned Response) Automatic Response CS- (Conditioned Response) learned ______________ CR- (Conditioned Response) learned response to a ___________ Stimuli. Now… In Pavlov’s Experiment, what are the stimuli and responses seen? Bell ringing US Food UR Salivation CS CR Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Adapting to the Environment Taste Aversions- learned avoidance to __________________ Ex. Extinction- Unlearning of a response Ex. Spontaneous recovery Ex. Riding a bike Generalization- Act of responding in the same way to a _______ _____________ Discrimination- Responding differently to __________ that are not ______________ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Applications of Classical Conditioning Flooding- Person is exposed to the ______________________ Until the fear responses are _________________. Systematic Desensitization- Helps people overcome fears in 3 steps 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ Counterconditioning- Pleasant stimulus is paired with _________________________ Ex. Baby Albert- John Watson Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 6 Section 2: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement- a stimulus increases the chances that a _____________________ will occur again Types of Reinforcers Primary- reinforcers that function due to _____________ _______________ of the organism Ex. Food, water, warmth Secondary- Value must be _______________ Ex. Money, Success, attention Positive- Increases _______________ of behavior -Must be meaningful to the person Negative- a particular behavior is _____________ by the introduction of an ______________ element. Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Rewards and Punishments Reward- ___________ the frequency of a behavior Punishment- Unwanted events that __________ the frequency of the behavior when they are applied. What is the difference between a punishment and Negative Reinforcement? Suzy plays a sport Suzy is getting bad grades in Math and Science Her punishment is _______________________ The Negative Reinforcement is ___________________ Schedules of Reinforcement When and how often reinforcement occurs Continuous- reinforcement ______________ a behavior occurs Ex. ___________________________ Partial- Not reinforced _________________ Ex. ___________________________ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Fixed interval vs. Variable Interval Extinction- Occurs when _________________ is repeated without reinforcement. Shaping- Way of teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing behavior in ____________. Ex._______________________________ Chapter 6 Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning Latent learning- Learning that remains __________ until needed Observational Learning- acquire knowledge and skills through ____________ and ____________ Albert Bandura- Kids learn from ___________ Ex. _________________ Learning from the Media Ex. __________________ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 7: Memory Section 1: 3 Kinds of Memory Memory- Process by which we _____________ prior experiences, __________, and __________ learned in the past. 1. Episodic Memory- Memory of a ___________ event Like the episode of a T.V series Ex. _______________, ____________ “Flashbulb” memory- recall events in ____________ detail Ex. Distinctive, powerful memories _______________,_____________ 2. General Knowledge Memory Generic Information Who is the 1st President? You remember who it is, but not when you learned it. ABC’s 3. Procedural Memory Skills Ex. Throwing a ball, riding a bike, walking, driving, using a computer, playing an instrument Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 7 Section 2: 3 Processes of Memory 1. Encoding Like a computer- Save information, can’t see it Translates it into a form that can be remembered OTTFFSSENT Visual- See image in head to remember Acoustic- read and repeat it to yourself Ex. Semantic- Make meaning out of letters Ex. Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) 2. Storage Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time Maintenance rehearsal (rote rehearsal) -information over and over -The more time spent rehearsing, the __________ you will remember Elaborative rehearsal -make new information _________________ to already known info Ex. ___________________________ Organizational systems As memory develops, organized into _____________ within _______ Errors- Sometimes info gets placed into ___________________ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) 3. Retrieval __________ information and bringing it into __________ thought Context-dependent memory Need to be in a _________________ in order to remember Ex. _______________________ State- Dependent Have to be the same ______________ state to remember something Ex. When you are sad, ________________________ Tip of the Tongue You know you know something, but can’t _____________________ Sometimes you try to ______________ words with ____________ ___________________. Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 7 Section 3: 3 Stages of Memory 1. Sensory Memory _____________, _________ recordings of info through ________ -All senses have sensory registers Iconic Memory -Snapshots -___________, ___________, only last a few minutes Eidetic Memory Ability to remember _________________ over long periods of time -Also known as PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY - _____% of children -Nearly gone by ______________ Echoic Memory Mental traces of _________ -Easier to remember sounds instead of visuals Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) 2. Short Term Memory (STM) -Also known as “working memory” -Info fades rapidly and _______________________ 13569291-0499583092 Primacy effect- Ability to remember _____________ items in a series Resency effect- Ability to recall the _____________ items in a series Chunking- Organization of items into ____________ and __________ units Ex. Businesses use letters or repetition to help customers remember Interference- Occurs when new information appears in STM and ________ the place of what ______________________ -Causes you to forget Short Term Memory is like a shelf -Once it is full, can’t put anything else on until _________________ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Short Term memory acts as a bridge between Sensory and Long Term mem. 3. Long Term Memory Maintenance rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal What is the capacity of memory? There has not been one found! Memory is limitless Schemas Mental __________________ that we form of the world by organizing information into knowledge. Ex. Like a web of all information into easier to catalog pattern Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Chapter 7 Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement Basic Memory Tasks Recognition- Identifying objects or events that have been ______________ before. Ex. Multiple Choice Questions Yearbook Photos Recall- Bringing information back ________________ Ex. ___________________________ Relearning-Doesn’t take long to recall Types of forgetting Decay- Fading away of memory Repression- Forgetting things _______________ without knowing Freud- Some memories are painful and unpleasant, so avoid Ex. Forgetting a dentist appointment Amnesia Infantile- Cannot remember anything before the age of _______ Hippocampus does not develop until age ______ Miss Stacy Psychology Name_____________________ Learning and Memory ( ) Anterograde Prevents someone from forming ____________________ -Caused by _____________ Retrograde- Cannot remember information before ______________ Ex. _______________________ Disassociate- Caused by _________________________ Improving Memory Drill and Practice Relate to things you already know Form Unusual Associations Construct Links Mnemonic Devices