Download Chapter 6: Learning

Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 6: Learning
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Some vocabulary before we start:
Stimulus- something that produces a _______________
Response- the ___________ from a person or animal
Conditioning- Learning
Classical Conditioning- simple form of learning in which
____________ and _____________ work together.
Most famous example of Classical Conditioning is Pavlov’s Dogs
Pavlov used a dog to show that the pairing of something a dog
liked with a stimulus that was previously neutral, even an old dog
can learn new tricks.
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
The Letters of Learning: Classical Conditioning
US- (Unconditioned stimulus) causes a response that is
__________________ or not ______________
UR- (Unconditioned Response) Automatic Response
CS- (Conditioned Response) learned ______________
CR- (Conditioned Response) learned response to a ___________
Stimuli.
Now… In Pavlov’s Experiment, what are the stimuli and responses seen?
Bell ringing
US
Food
UR
Salivation
CS
CR
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Adapting to the Environment
Taste Aversions- learned avoidance to __________________
Ex.
Extinction- Unlearning of a response
Ex.
Spontaneous recovery
Ex. Riding a bike
Generalization- Act of responding in the same way to a _______
_____________
Discrimination- Responding differently to __________ that are
not ______________
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Flooding- Person is exposed to the ______________________
Until the fear responses are _________________.
Systematic Desensitization- Helps people overcome fears in 3 steps
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
Counterconditioning- Pleasant stimulus is paired with
_________________________
Ex. Baby Albert- John Watson
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 6 Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement- a stimulus increases the chances that a
_____________________ will occur again
Types of Reinforcers
Primary- reinforcers that function due to _____________
_______________ of the organism
Ex. Food, water, warmth
Secondary- Value must be _______________
Ex. Money, Success, attention
Positive- Increases _______________ of behavior
-Must be meaningful to the person
Negative- a particular behavior is _____________ by the
introduction of an ______________ element.
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Rewards and Punishments
Reward- ___________ the frequency of a behavior
Punishment- Unwanted events that __________ the frequency
of the behavior when they are applied.
What is the difference between a punishment and Negative Reinforcement?
Suzy plays a sport
Suzy is getting bad grades in Math and Science
Her punishment is _______________________
The Negative Reinforcement is ___________________
Schedules of Reinforcement
When and how often reinforcement occurs
Continuous- reinforcement ______________ a behavior occurs
Ex. ___________________________
Partial- Not reinforced _________________
Ex. ___________________________
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Fixed interval vs. Variable Interval
Extinction- Occurs when _________________ is repeated
without reinforcement.
Shaping- Way of teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing
behavior in ____________.
Ex._______________________________
Chapter 6 Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Latent learning- Learning that remains __________ until needed
Observational Learning- acquire knowledge and skills through
____________ and ____________
Albert Bandura- Kids learn from ___________
Ex. _________________
Learning from the Media
Ex. __________________
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 7: Memory
Section 1: 3 Kinds of Memory
Memory- Process by which we _____________ prior experiences,
__________, and __________ learned in
the past.
1. Episodic Memory- Memory of a ___________ event
Like the episode of a T.V series
Ex. _______________, ____________
“Flashbulb” memory- recall events in ____________ detail
Ex. Distinctive, powerful memories
_______________,_____________
2. General Knowledge Memory
Generic Information
Who is the 1st President?
You remember who it is, but not when you learned it.
ABC’s
3. Procedural Memory
Skills
Ex. Throwing a ball, riding a bike, walking, driving, using a
computer, playing an instrument
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 7 Section 2: 3 Processes of Memory
1. Encoding
Like a computer- Save information, can’t see it
Translates it into a form that can be remembered
OTTFFSSENT
Visual- See image in head to remember
Acoustic- read and repeat it to yourself
Ex.
Semantic- Make meaning out of letters
Ex.
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
2. Storage
Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
Maintenance rehearsal (rote rehearsal)
-information over and over
-The more time spent rehearsing, the __________ you will remember
Elaborative rehearsal
-make new information _________________ to already known info
Ex. ___________________________
Organizational systems
As memory develops, organized into _____________ within _______
Errors- Sometimes info gets placed into ___________________
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
3. Retrieval
__________ information and bringing it into __________ thought
Context-dependent memory
Need to be in a _________________ in order to remember
Ex. _______________________
State- Dependent
Have to be the same ______________ state to remember something
Ex. When you are sad, ________________________
Tip of the Tongue
You know you know something, but can’t _____________________
Sometimes you try to ______________ words with ____________
___________________.
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 7 Section 3: 3 Stages of Memory
1. Sensory Memory
_____________, _________ recordings of info through ________
-All senses have sensory registers
Iconic Memory
-Snapshots
-___________, ___________, only last a few minutes
Eidetic Memory
Ability to remember _________________ over long periods of time
-Also known as PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY
- _____% of children
-Nearly gone by ______________
Echoic Memory
Mental traces of _________
-Easier to remember sounds instead of visuals
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
2. Short Term Memory (STM)
-Also known as “working memory”
-Info fades rapidly and _______________________
13569291-0499583092
Primacy effect- Ability to remember _____________ items in a series
Resency effect- Ability to recall the _____________ items in a series
Chunking- Organization of items into ____________ and __________ units
Ex. Businesses use letters or repetition to help customers remember
Interference- Occurs when new information appears in STM and ________
the place of what ______________________
-Causes you to forget
Short Term Memory is like a shelf
-Once it is full, can’t put anything else on until _________________
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Short Term memory acts as a bridge between Sensory and Long Term mem.
3. Long Term Memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
What is the capacity of memory?
There has not been one found!
Memory is limitless
Schemas
Mental __________________ that we form of the world by
organizing information into knowledge.
Ex. Like a web of all information into easier to catalog pattern
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Chapter 7 Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Basic Memory Tasks
Recognition- Identifying objects or events that have been
______________ before.
Ex. Multiple Choice Questions
Yearbook Photos
Recall- Bringing information back ________________
Ex. ___________________________
Relearning-Doesn’t take long to recall
Types of forgetting
Decay- Fading away of memory
Repression- Forgetting things _______________ without knowing
Freud- Some memories are painful and unpleasant, so avoid
Ex. Forgetting a dentist appointment
Amnesia
Infantile- Cannot remember anything before the age of _______
Hippocampus does not develop until age ______
Miss Stacy
Psychology
Name_____________________
Learning and Memory ( )
Anterograde
Prevents someone from forming ____________________
-Caused by _____________
Retrograde- Cannot remember information before ______________
Ex. _______________________
Disassociate- Caused by _________________________
Improving Memory
Drill and Practice
Relate to things you already know
Form Unusual Associations
Construct Links
Mnemonic Devices