Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Prologue: The Story of Psychology 1 Prescientific Psychology: The Big Questions • Are the Mind and the Body connected? • Is the mind blank at birth? Psychological Science is Born Empiricism Knowledge comes from experience via the senses Science flourishes through observation and experiment Structuralism Edward Titchner (1867-1927) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind 4 Functionalism Mary Calkins William James (1842-1910) Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish 5 The Unconscious Mind (Psychoanalysis) Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. 6 Behaviorism B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) John Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. 7 Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. 8 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings). 9 Contemporary Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Are behaviors and mental processes a function of our environment or of our genes? 10 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 11 Practice • How does the desire to be rich fit into the biopsychosocial approach? Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? 13 Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? 14 Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 15 Practice • What would a psychologist from each of the current perspectives say about the following example? – Ryan Lochte lying about being robbed during the Olympics in Brazil? Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research Psychologist Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social What she does Explore the links between brain and mind. Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Investigate our persistent traits. Explore how we view and affect one another. 17 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research Industrial/Organizational psychologists study and advise on behavior in the workplace Clinical psychologists study, assess, and treat people with psychological disorders Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 19