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SCIENCE AP Chemistry Organizing Topic Nature of Energy Benchmark A. Relate atomic level observations to models of the atom. Indicator 1. Cite evidence for the atomic theory. 2. Distinguish atomic mass, atomic number, mass number and isotopes. 3. Show relationship between electron energy levels, atomic spectra, quantum numbers and atomic orbitals. 4. Relate chemical and physical properties to periodic relationships (periodic table). 5. Relate binding forces to the states, structure and properties of matter. 6. Understand the development and use of molecular models. Nature of Matter B. Compare and contrast properties of the states of matter. 7. Use molecular geometry, isomerism, and dipole moments to relate properties to structure. 8. Understand and solve problems using laws of ideal gases. 9. Interpret ideal gas laws (and deviations for ideality) in terms of the kinetic molecular theory. 10. Interpret liquid and solid behavior from kinetic molecular viewpoint. 1 SCIENCE AP Chemistry Organizing Topic Nature of Matter Benchmark B. Compare and contrast properties of the states of matter. Indicator 11. Analyze phase diagrams for one component system. 12. Understand structure of solids. 13. Knows the types of solutions and the factors affecting solubility. 14. Solve problems expressing concentrations. 15. Solves colligative property problems. Nature of Energy C. Describe the effects of energy changes and relate them to the Laws of Thermodynamics. 16. Understand the qualitative aspects of non-ideal solution behavior. 17. Understand state functions. 18. Relate changes in enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction, Hess’s Law, calorimetry and heats of vaporization and fusion to the First Law of Thermodynamics. 19. Relate entropy, free energy of formation, free energy of reaction, and free energy changes to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. 20. Demonstrate the relationship of free energy change to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials. 2 SCIENCE AP Chemistry Organizing Topic Nature of Energy Benchmark D. Apply principles of kinetics and equilibrium to chemical reactions. Indicator 21. Contrast and compare physical and chemical equilibria. 22. Solve problems dealing with equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions. 23. Solve equilibrium problems for acid-base, solubility product, common ion effect, buffer, and hydrolysis reactions. 24. Predict the effect of stress on the direction of an equilibrium system. 25. Understand the concept of rate of reaction. 26. Use differential rate laws to determine the order of reaction and rate constant from experimental data. 27. Show the effects of temperature changes of reaction rates. 28. Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts on reaction rates. 29. Relate the rate-determining step to the mechanism of the reaction. 3 SCIENCE AP Chemistry Organizing Topic Nature of Energy Benchmark E. Describe chemical reactions quantitatively and qualitatively in equations. Indicator 30. Distinguish Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis, coordination complex and amphoteric acid-based reactions. 31. Identify and use precipitation reactions. 32. Use oxidation number and oxidation-reduction reactions to solve electrochemical problems. 33. Distinguish ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems. 34. Balance chemical equations including those for redox reactions. 35. Solve problems dealing with mass and volume relationships, using the mole, empirical formulas and limiting reactants. 36. Describe descriptive aspects of chemical reactivity and reaction products. Nature of Matter 37. Relate nuclear equations, half-lives and radioactivity to chemical applications. 38. Know structure, nomenclature, and chemical properties of hydrocarbons and related functional groups. F. Describe the properties of hydrocarbons. 4