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Download Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes
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Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes I. Energy – ability to do work; forms of energy: heat, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, kinetic, potential A. Energy for living things comes from - food Originally the energy in food comes from - sun B. Uses light energy from the sun to produce food – autotrophs Examples: plants + some microorganisms (bacteria and protists) C. Cannot use the sun’s energy to make food – heterotrophs; obtain energy from food they consume Examples: animals, fungi, most microorganisms II. Cell Energy – needed for active transport, making proteins and nucleic acids, chemical signals (fireflies’ light) A. Cells usable source of energy – ATP 1. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate ATP 3 Phosphate groups adenine ribose 2. ADP stands for – adenosine diphosphate ADP 2 phosphate groups adenine ribose B. All energy is stored in the bonds of the compound Breaking the bond releases energy C. When cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP D. Example: ATP ADP + P + E from breaking bond ADP + Energy + P ATP http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw&NR =1 III. Photosynthesis – energy of sunlight is converted to energy of glucose A. General Formula: H2O + CO2 + light water + carbon dioxide + light C6H12O6 + O2 glucose + oxygen B. 2 parts of photosynthesis: 1. light reaction – forms ATP and NADPH – contain chemical E, but are unstable 2. Calvin cycle (dark reaction) – uses E from ATP and NADPH to produce glucose C. Photosynthesis occurs in the organelle – chloroplast D. Light absorbing (and reflecting) compounds – pigments Most common photosynthetic compound – chlorophyll (a + b) Absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis to work Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b F. Sun’s energy is stored in – glucose light energy chemical energy CO2 + H2O + light Light Dep. Reactions: •Trap E of sun in chemical form •Produces O2, ATP, NADPH Light high E cmpds. C6H12O6 + O2 Chloroplast H2O Calvin Cycle: •Uses E from Light Dep. Reactions and CO2 to make glucose CO2 NADP+ ADP+P+ Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Light Dep. Reactions occur in thylakoid stroma—Calvin Cycle occurs here O2 released C6H12O6 produced IV. Cellular Respiration – process by which E of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…) A. General Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP B. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms – plants, animals, bacteria C. Energy stored by photosynthesis in glucose is converted into the energy of – ATP E. Respiration requiring oxygen – aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP 1. organelle occurring in – mitochondria Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy. E. Respiration NOT requiring oxygen – anaerobic respiration (an = without) Also called – fermentation 1. Alcoholic Fermentation: glucose ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP a. organisms -- yeast, bacteria b. industries – baking, brewing, wine-making 2. Lactic acid fermentation: glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP a. lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to tissues (burning painful sensation) 3. occurs in – cytoplasm Sore Muscles and AEROBIC C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP High E e- carried in NADH O2 High E ecarried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic Acid 2 3-C molec. Glucose 1 6-C molec. Krebs cycle Glycolysis CO2 released Cytoplasm 2 Mitochondria 2 32 **E transferred from glucose to ATP 3 stages of aerobic respiration: 1. Glycolysis – cytoplasm, 2 ATP 2. Krebs cycle – mitochondria, 2 ATP 3. Electron Transport Chain – mitochondria, 32 ATP 36 ATP total E. T. C. H2 O released ANAEROBIC Pyruvic Acid 2 3-C molec. Glucose 1 6-C molec. Glycolysis Mitochondria Cytoplasm 2 Fermentation Yeast Bacteria Alcoholic muscles Lactic Acid ANAEROBIC alcoholic fermentation = 2 ATP glucose 2 pyruvic acid lactic acid fermentation = 2 ATP cytoplasm mitochondria AEROBIC Krebs cycle ETC = 36 ATP