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CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - EXAM Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus 2. A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned response 3. The law of effect was developed by a. Bandura b. Pavlov c. Thorndike d. Skinner 4. When a researcher only reinforces a designated response some of the time, it is referred to as a. primary reinforcement b. secondary reinforcement c. continuous reinforcement d. intermittent reinforcement 5. The raccoons used by the Brelands could learn to deposit single coins into a slot for food but they could not learn to deposit two coins into the slot. This behavior of the raccoons suggests that a. it is impossible to operantly condition raccoons b. it is impossible to classically condition raccoons c. instinctive patterns of behavior, at times, interfere with the ability to control behavior through conditioning d. some behaviors are easily learned by animals 6. Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of a. observational learning b. punishment c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning 7. Latent learning is a type of learning that a. occurs without any experience b. occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response c. is not apparent from the organism’s behavior when the learning first occurs d. occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others 8. Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that a. the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school b. the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school c. no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and ____ 9. ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. aggressive behavior d. watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using? a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. extinction d. positive reinforcement Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by a. studying observable behavior b. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements c. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior d. studying the function or purpose of consciousness The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. behaviorism As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Most likely you follow the principles of a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. psychoanalysis d. humanism The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on a. the role of the unconscious b. internal mental events c. the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior d. the adaptive value of a behavior As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____ would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale. a. social psychologist b. educational psychologist c. industrial/organizational psychologist d. clinical psychologist By definition, an extraneous variable is a. a variable that affects the control group but not the experimental group b. the same thing as a dependent variable c. a variable that is completely irrelevant to both the independent and dependent variables d. a variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable The purpose of the control group is to a. make the experiment more complex b. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable c. make statistical significance more likely d. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines ____ 18. ____ 19. ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. a. the testing approach b. the survey approach c. the experimental approach d. naturalistic observation A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of a. extraneous variables b. random variables c. dependent variables d. independent variables If there is a relationship between amount of coffee consumed daily and number of hours slept, such that people who drink a lot of coffee tend to sleep very little (and people who drink little coffee tend to sleep a lot), coffee consumption and hours slept would show a(n) a. increasing correlation b. decreasing correlation c. positive correlation d. negative correlation The main function of the axon is to a. support and insulate the neuron b. release neurotransmitters c. transmit information d. receive information The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the a. neurotransmitter sheath b. myelin sheath c. glia wrap d. terminal cover Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain? a. MRI scan b. ESB scan c. PET scan d. TMS scan A massive stroke that damages which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal since the structure regulates breathing and circulation? a. medulla b. reticular formation c. cerebellum d. pons When an object is placed unseen in the left hand of a person who has had split-brain surgery, the person will a. not be able to describe it b. be able to describe it c. drop it d. be able to identify the object with his right hand If your roommate slowly and carefully turns up the volume on the stereo until you can determine “now it’s louder than it was before,” it would be most accurate to say the volume increased by a a. perceivable difference b. just noticeable difference c. fractional difference d. proportional difference ____ 26. The structure of the eye that focuses light rays on the retina is the a. pupil b. cornea c. optic disk d. lens ____ 27. Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli are a. perception detectors b. selective detectors c. feature detectors d. appearance detectors ____ 28. The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to a. cochlea - oval window - ossicles - eardrum b. cochlea - ossicles - oval window - eardrum c. eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea d. eardrum - oval window - ossicles - cochlea ____ 29. Place theory suggests that receptor cells a. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the frequency of a sound b. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different frequencies c. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the loudness of a sound d. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different loudness ____ 30. Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from a. sleep apnea b. respiratory deficiency c. insomnia d. narcolepsy ____ 31. Nightmares usually occur during ____ sleep and night terrors usually occur during ____ sleep. a. NREM; REM b. REM; NREM c. REM; REM d. NREM; NREM ____ 32. Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain? a. construction b. activation-synthesis c. conservation of energy d. problem solving ____ 33. Hallucinogens are drugs that a. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain b. are derived from the hemp plant c. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience d. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity ____ 34. A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called a. physical dependence b. psychological dependence c. resistance d. tolerance ____ 35. A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as a. instrumental conditioning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. observational conditioning ____ 36. Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response ____ 37. In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was a. the sound of a tone b. salivation elicited by a tone c. the presentation of meat powder following a tone d. salivation elicited by meat powder ____ 38. Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is a. the long, passionate kiss b. the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" c. the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend d. the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio ____ 39. Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 40. The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as a. extinction b. inhibition c. suppression d. conditioned forgetting ____ 41. Carly used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room with the pain of having a blood sample drawn. However, Carly's new doctor's lab worker is "painless," and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain. Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her family doctor has disappeared. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. second-order conditioning d. avoidance ____ 42. The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called a. disinhibition b. reconditioning c. stimulus generalization ____ 43. ____ 44. ____ 45. ____ 46. ____ 47. ____ 48. ____ 49. ____ 50. d. spontaneous recovery Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as a. extinction b. second-order conditioning c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery Stimulus generalization occurs when a. there is a temporal association between two stimuli b. an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning c. an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response d. an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of a. stimulus discrimination b. superstitious behavior c. stimulus generalization d. extinction In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the unconditioned stimulus was a. the rabbit b. the rat c. the loud noise d. the fear reaction Continuing to pair a specific CS and UCS, but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not pairing them with the UCS, should result in a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. response attenuation A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as a. chaining b. higher-order conditioning c. compound conditioning d. sensory preconditioning Operant conditioning is another name for a. classical conditioning b. respondent conditioning c. instrumental learning d. observational learning Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a. a discriminative stimulus b. a reinforcer c. a conditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 51. A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a a. Watson maze b. Skinner box c. classical conditioning chamber d. cumulative recorder ____ 52. The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called a. stimulus discrimination b. selection c. shaping d. step-wise conditioning ____ 53. Nicolas has autistic disorder and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of a. classical conditioning b. modeling c. shaping d. negative reinforcement ____ 54. The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called a. extinction b. unconditioning c. conditioned forgetting d. spontaneous remission ____ 55. The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning b. only to classical conditioning c. only to instrumental conditioning d. to learning by animals, but not to learning by people ____ 56. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? a. approval b. food c. a toy for a child d. money ____ 57. When a researcher does not reinforce every correct response that an organism makes, it is referred to as a. continuous reinforcement b. extinction c. intermittent reinforcement d. punishment ____ 58. A salesperson earns a commission for each item of clothing she sells. Commission on the clothing sales is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule? a. fixed-ratio b. variable-interval c. fixed-interval d. variable-ratio ____ 59. In terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the a. elapsed time between reinforcements b. number of responses given ____ 60. ____ 61. ____ 62. ____ 63. ____ 64. ____ 65. ____ 66. ____ 67. c. number of reinforcements given d. length of the training period Ratio schedules always relate to the a. elapsed time between reinforcements b. number of responses given c. number of reinforcements given d. length of the training period A worker gets paid every Friday for completing his 40 hour work week. He is being paid on a ____ schedule. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being reinforced on a. a fixed-ratio schedule b. a fixed-interval schedule c. a variable-ratio schedule d. a variable-interval schedule Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on a. a variable-interval schedule b. a fixed-ratio schedule c. a fixed-interval schedule d. a variable-ratio schedule Positive reinforcement involves a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus Negative reinforcement involves a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner b. paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card c. stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room d. cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back" A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to ____ the shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to ____ the shock. a. escape; avoid b. avoid; escape c. escape; escape d. avoid; avoid ____ 68. Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. modeling ____ 69. Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response. a. increases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. increases; increases d. decreases; decreases ____ 70. The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that a. punishment strengthens undesirable behaviors, and negative reinforcement weakens undesirable behaviors b. punishment weakens undesirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement weakens desirable behaviors c. punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior d. there is no difference between punishment and negative reinforcement in their effects on behavior CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - EXAM Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: KEY: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: REF: ANS: REF: ANS: REF: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: KEY: ANS: C PTS: A PTS: C PTS: D PTS: C PTS: D PTS: C PTS: A PTS: A PTS: Concept/Applied C PTS: D PTS: D PTS: B PTS: C PTS: D PTS: p. 44 OBJ: B PTS: p. 43 OBJ: C PTS: p. 42 OBJ: A PTS: D PTS: C PTS: B PTS: A PTS: A PTS: A PTS: B PTS: D PTS: C PTS: C PTS: B PTS: A PTS: B PTS: B PTS: C PTS: D PTS: B PTS: Factual MSC: A PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: MSC: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 DIF: 2-5 KEY: 1 DIF: 2-5 KEY: 1 DIF: 2-5 KEY: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: 1 REF: ** (new or revised) 1 DIF: 217 OBJ: 217 OBJ: 225 OBJ: 231 OBJ: 238 OBJ: 238 OBJ: 241 OBJ: 246 OBJ: p. 236 OBJ: ** (new or revised) 6 OBJ: 7 OBJ: 10 OBJ: 12 OBJ: 20 OBJ: Correct = 83% Factual Correct = 75% Critical Thinking Correct = 99% Factual 44 OBJ: 53 OBJ: 74 OBJ: 74 OBJ: 87 OBJ: 89 OBJ: 98 OBJ: 121 OBJ: 125 OBJ: 131 OBJ: 151 OBJ: 152 OBJ: 188 OBJ: 189 OBJ: 193 OBJ: 200 OBJ: 201 OBJ: p. 216 OBJ: Correct = 77% 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-7 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Factual 06-17 TYPE: Factual 06-17 TYPE: Factual 06-19 TYPE: Factual 06-22 TYPE: Factual 6-16 01-5 TYPE: Factual 01-6 TYPE: Factual 01-8 TYPE: Critical Thinking 01-10 TYPE: Factual 01-15 TYPE: Critical Thinking 02-5 TYPE: Factual 02-11 TYPE: Critical Thinking 03-1 TYPE: Factual 03-1 TYPE: Factual 03-11 TYPE: Factual 03-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied 03-17 TYPE: Critical Thinking 04-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied 04-7 TYPE: Factual 04-9 TYPE: Factual 04-18 TYPE: Factual 04-19 TYPE: Factual 05-14 TYPE: Factual 05-14 TYPE: Factual 05-18 TYPE: Factual 05-22 TYPE: Factual 05-23 TYPE: Factual 6-1 REF: 37. ANS: REF: 38. ANS: KEY: 39. ANS: REF: 40. ANS: REF: 41. ANS: KEY: 42. ANS: REF: 43. ANS: KEY: 44. ANS: KEY: 45. ANS: TOP: 46. ANS: REF: 47. ANS: KEY: 48. ANS: REF: 49. ANS: REF: 50. ANS: REF: 51. ANS: KEY: 52. ANS: REF: 53. ANS: KEY: 54. ANS: TOP: 55. ANS: KEY: 56. ANS: KEY: 57. ANS: KEY: 58. ANS: TOP: 59. ANS: KEY: 60. ANS: p. 217 OBJ: D PTS: p. 217 OBJ: B PTS: Concept/Applied B PTS: p. 218 OBJ: A PTS: p. 220 OBJ: B PTS: Concept/Applied D PTS: p. 221 OBJ: D PTS: Concept/Applied D PTS: Factual C PTS: WWW KEY: C PTS: p. 222 OBJ: A PTS: Concept/Applied B PTS: p. 223 OBJ: C PTS: p. 224 OBJ: B PTS: p. 225 OBJ: B PTS: Factual MSC: C PTS: p. 227 OBJ: C PTS: Concept/Applied A PTS: WWW KEY: A PTS: Concept/Applied C PTS: Concept/Applied C PTS: Concept/Applied A PTS: WWW KEY: A PTS: Factual MSC: C PTS: 6-1 1 6-1 1 KEY: DIF: KEY: REF: Factual Correct = 79% Factual p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 1 6-2 1 6-3 1 DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: REF: Correct = 23% Concept/Applied Correct = 80% Factual p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 1 6-3 1 DIF: Correct = 83% KEY: Factual REF: p. 221-222 OBJ: 6-3 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 1 Factual 1 6-4 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 DIF: Correct = 35% KEY: Concept/Applied REF: p. 223 OBJ: 6-4 1 DIF: 6-5 KEY: 1 DIF: 6-7 KEY: 1 DIF: 6-8 KEY: 1 REF: ** (new or revised) 1 DIF: 6-9 KEY: 1 REF: 1 Factual 1 1 Correct = 77% Factual Correct = 68% Factual Correct = 53% Concept/Applied p. 226 OBJ: 6-8 Correct = 71% Factual p. 227 OBJ: 6-9 REF: p. 228 OBJ: 6-9 REF: p. 230 OBJ: 6-10 REF: MSC: 1 REF: MSC: 1 REF: Concept/Applied 1 REF: ** (new or revised) 1 REF: p. 230 OBJ: 6-11 ** (new or revised) p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 ** (new or revised) p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 KEY: 61. ANS: KEY: 62. ANS: KEY: 63. ANS: KEY: 64. ANS: REF: 65. ANS: REF: 66. ANS: REF: 67. ANS: REF: 68. ANS: REF: 69. ANS: REF: 70. ANS: REF: Factual MSC: C PTS: Concept/Applied C PTS: Concept/Applied A PTS: Concept/Applied A PTS: p. 233 OBJ: D PTS: p. 233 OBJ: C PTS: p. 233 OBJ: B PTS: p. 234 OBJ: C PTS: p. 235-236 OBJ: A PTS: p. 235 OBJ: C PTS: p. 235 OBJ: ** (new or revised) 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 MSC: ** (new or revised) 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 1 REF: p. 232 1 6-13 1 6-13 1 6-13 1 6-14 1 6-15 1 6-15 1 6-15 DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: OBJ: 6-12 Correct = 93% Factual Correct = 61% Factual Correct = 63% Concept/Applied Correct = 92% Concept/Applied Correct = 38% Concept/Applied Correct = 75% Factual Correct = 68% Concept/Applied