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Transcript
CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - EXAM
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
1. In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the
a. conditioned response
b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. unconditioned stimulus
2. A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is
a. a conditioned stimulus
b. an unconditioned stimulus
c. an unconditioned response
d. a conditioned response
3. The law of effect was developed by
a. Bandura
b. Pavlov
c. Thorndike
d. Skinner
4. When a researcher only reinforces a designated response some of the time, it is referred to as
a. primary reinforcement
b. secondary reinforcement
c. continuous reinforcement
d. intermittent reinforcement
5. The raccoons used by the Brelands could learn to deposit single coins into a slot for food but they could not
learn to deposit two coins into the slot. This behavior of the raccoons suggests that
a. it is impossible to operantly condition raccoons
b. it is impossible to classically condition raccoons
c. instinctive patterns of behavior, at times, interfere with the ability to control behavior
through conditioning
d. some behaviors are easily learned by animals
6. Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of
a. observational learning
b. punishment
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
7. Latent learning is a type of learning that
a. occurs without any experience
b. occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that
response
c. is not apparent from the organism’s behavior when the learning first occurs
d. occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others
8. Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that
a. the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and
school
b. the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and
school
c. no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and
____
9.
____ 10.
____ 11.
____ 12.
____ 13.
____ 14.
____ 15.
____ 16.
____ 17.
aggressive behavior
d. watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more
aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children
Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges
for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using?
a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. positive reinforcement
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
a. studying observable behavior
b. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements
c. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
d. studying the function or purpose of consciousness
The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
a. psychoanalysis
b. functionalism
c. structuralism
d. behaviorism
As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Most likely you follow the
principles of
a. behaviorism
b. structuralism
c. psychoanalysis
d. humanism
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus
attention on
a. the role of the unconscious
b. internal mental events
c. the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior
d. the adaptive value of a behavior
As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____
would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.
a. social psychologist
b. educational psychologist
c. industrial/organizational psychologist
d. clinical psychologist
By definition, an extraneous variable is
a. a variable that affects the control group but not the experimental group
b. the same thing as a dependent variable
c. a variable that is completely irrelevant to both the independent and dependent variables
d. a variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable
The purpose of the control group is to
a. make the experiment more complex
b. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
c. make statistical significance more likely
d. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable
Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable
defines
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
____ 25.
a. the testing approach
b. the survey approach
c. the experimental approach
d. naturalistic observation
A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each
other in order to reduce the effects of
a. extraneous variables
b. random variables
c. dependent variables
d. independent variables
If there is a relationship between amount of coffee consumed daily and number of hours slept, such that
people who drink a lot of coffee tend to sleep very little (and people who drink little coffee tend to sleep a
lot), coffee consumption and hours slept would show a(n)
a. increasing correlation
b. decreasing correlation
c. positive correlation
d. negative correlation
The main function of the axon is to
a. support and insulate the neuron
b. release neurotransmitters
c. transmit information
d. receive information
The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the
a. neurotransmitter sheath
b. myelin sheath
c. glia wrap
d. terminal cover
Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain?
a. MRI scan
b. ESB scan
c. PET scan
d. TMS scan
A massive stroke that damages which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal since the
structure regulates breathing and circulation?
a. medulla
b. reticular formation
c. cerebellum
d. pons
When an object is placed unseen in the left hand of a person who has had split-brain surgery, the person will
a. not be able to describe it
b. be able to describe it
c. drop it
d. be able to identify the object with his right hand
If your roommate slowly and carefully turns up the volume on the stereo until you can determine “now it’s
louder than it was before,” it would be most accurate to say the volume increased by a
a. perceivable difference
b. just noticeable difference
c. fractional difference
d. proportional difference
____ 26. The structure of the eye that focuses light rays on the retina is the
a. pupil
b. cornea
c. optic disk
d. lens
____ 27. Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli are
a. perception detectors
b. selective detectors
c. feature detectors
d. appearance detectors
____ 28. The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to
a. cochlea - oval window - ossicles - eardrum
b. cochlea - ossicles - oval window - eardrum
c. eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea
d. eardrum - oval window - ossicles - cochlea
____ 29. Place theory suggests that receptor cells
a. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the
frequency of a sound
b. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different frequencies
c. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the
loudness of a sound
d. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different loudness
____ 30. Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from
a. sleep apnea
b. respiratory deficiency
c. insomnia
d. narcolepsy
____ 31. Nightmares usually occur during ____ sleep and night terrors usually occur during ____ sleep.
a. NREM; REM
b. REM; NREM
c. REM; REM
d. NREM; NREM
____ 32. Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural
impulses from subcortical areas of the brain?
a. construction
b. activation-synthesis
c. conservation of energy
d. problem solving
____ 33. Hallucinogens are drugs that
a. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain
b. are derived from the hemp plant
c. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
d. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
____ 34. A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called
a. physical dependence
b. psychological dependence
c. resistance
d. tolerance
____ 35. A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by
another stimulus is known as
a. instrumental conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. observational conditioning
____ 36. Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the
meat powder is
a. an unconditioned stimulus
b. an unconditioned response
c. a conditioned stimulus
d. a conditioned response
____ 37. In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was
a. the sound of a tone
b. salivation elicited by a tone
c. the presentation of meat powder following a tone
d. salivation elicited by meat powder
____ 38. Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help
Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable.
Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a
little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is
a. the long, passionate kiss
b. the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You"
c. the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend
d. the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio
____ 39. Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his
dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is
a. a conditioned response
b. an unconditioned stimulus
c. an unconditioned response
d. a conditioned stimulus
____ 40. The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR.
This phenomenon is known as
a. extinction
b. inhibition
c. suppression
d. conditioned forgetting
____ 41. Carly used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room with
the pain of having a blood sample drawn. However, Carly's new doctor's lab worker is "painless," and the
sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain. Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her
family doctor has disappeared. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as
a. spontaneous recovery
b. extinction
c. second-order conditioning
d. avoidance
____ 42. The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called
a. disinhibition
b. reconditioning
c. stimulus generalization
____ 43.
____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
d. spontaneous recovery
Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming
lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an
upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. This
illustrates the classical conditioning process known as
a. extinction
b. second-order conditioning
c. stimulus generalization
d. spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization occurs when
a. there is a temporal association between two stimuli
b. an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in
conditioning
c. an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response
d. an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of
a. stimulus discrimination
b. superstitious behavior
c. stimulus generalization
d. extinction
In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the unconditioned stimulus was
a. the rabbit
b. the rat
c. the loud noise
d. the fear reaction
Continuing to pair a specific CS and UCS, but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not
pairing them with the UCS, should result in
a. stimulus discrimination
b. stimulus generalization
c. extinction
d. response attenuation
A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials.
Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as
a. chaining
b. higher-order conditioning
c. compound conditioning
d. sensory preconditioning
Operant conditioning is another name for
a. classical conditioning
b. respondent conditioning
c. instrumental learning
d. observational learning
Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie
asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as
a. a discriminative stimulus
b. a reinforcer
c. a conditioned response
d. a conditioned stimulus
____ 51. A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response
that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a
a. Watson maze
b. Skinner box
c. classical conditioning chamber
d. cumulative recorder
____ 52. The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired
response is called
a. stimulus discrimination
b. selection
c. shaping
d. step-wise conditioning
____ 53. Nicolas has autistic disorder and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of
chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of
chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example,
Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of
a. classical conditioning
b. modeling
c. shaping
d. negative reinforcement
____ 54. The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called
a. extinction
b. unconditioning
c. conditioned forgetting
d. spontaneous remission
____ 55. The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply
a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning
b. only to classical conditioning
c. only to instrumental conditioning
d. to learning by animals, but not to learning by people
____ 56. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
a. approval
b. food
c. a toy for a child
d. money
____ 57. When a researcher does not reinforce every correct response that an organism makes, it is referred to as
a. continuous reinforcement
b. extinction
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. punishment
____ 58. A salesperson earns a commission for each item of clothing she sells. Commission on the clothing sales is an
example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-interval
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-ratio
____ 59. In terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the
a. elapsed time between reinforcements
b. number of responses given
____ 60.
____ 61.
____ 62.
____ 63.
____ 64.
____ 65.
____ 66.
____ 67.
c. number of reinforcements given
d. length of the training period
Ratio schedules always relate to the
a. elapsed time between reinforcements
b. number of responses given
c. number of reinforcements given
d. length of the training period
A worker gets paid every Friday for completing his 40 hour work week. He is being paid on a ____ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-ratio
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-interval
Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a
basket, but the more shots he takes the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being
reinforced on
a. a fixed-ratio schedule
b. a fixed-interval schedule
c. a variable-ratio schedule
d. a variable-interval schedule
Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he
checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of
checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on
a. a variable-interval schedule
b. a fixed-ratio schedule
c. a fixed-interval schedule
d. a variable-ratio schedule
Positive reinforcement involves
a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus
d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative reinforcement involves
a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus
d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner
b. paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card
c. stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room
d. cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back"
A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is
followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by
jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to ____ the
shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to ____ the shock.
a. escape; avoid
b. avoid; escape
c. escape; escape
d. avoid; avoid
____ 68. Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer
wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. punishment
d. modeling
____ 69. Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response.
a. increases; decreases
b. decreases; increases
c. increases; increases
d. decreases; decreases
____ 70. The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that
a. punishment strengthens undesirable behaviors, and negative reinforcement weakens
undesirable behaviors
b. punishment weakens undesirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement weakens
desirable behaviors
c. punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior
d. there is no difference between punishment and negative reinforcement in their effects on
behavior
CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - EXAM
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
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KEY:
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REF:
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REF:
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ANS:
KEY:
ANS:
C
PTS:
A
PTS:
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
A
PTS:
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
D
PTS:
B
PTS:
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
p. 44
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 43
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 42
OBJ:
A
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
A
PTS:
A
PTS:
A
PTS:
B
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
A
PTS:
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
B
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
A
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
DIF:
2-5
KEY:
1
DIF:
2-5
KEY:
1
DIF:
2-5
KEY:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
217
OBJ:
217
OBJ:
225
OBJ:
231
OBJ:
238
OBJ:
238
OBJ:
241
OBJ:
246
OBJ:
p. 236
OBJ:
** (new or revised)
6
OBJ:
7
OBJ:
10
OBJ:
12
OBJ:
20
OBJ:
Correct = 83%
Factual
Correct = 75%
Critical Thinking
Correct = 99%
Factual
44
OBJ:
53
OBJ:
74
OBJ:
74
OBJ:
87
OBJ:
89
OBJ:
98
OBJ:
121
OBJ:
125
OBJ:
131
OBJ:
151
OBJ:
152
OBJ:
188
OBJ:
189
OBJ:
193
OBJ:
200
OBJ:
201
OBJ:
p. 216
OBJ:
Correct = 77%
06-1 TYPE: Factual
06-1 TYPE: Factual
06-7 TYPE: Factual
06-12 TYPE: Factual
06-17 TYPE: Factual
06-17 TYPE: Factual
06-19 TYPE: Factual
06-22 TYPE: Factual
6-16
01-5 TYPE: Factual
01-6 TYPE: Factual
01-8 TYPE: Critical Thinking
01-10 TYPE: Factual
01-15 TYPE: Critical Thinking
02-5 TYPE: Factual
02-11 TYPE: Critical Thinking
03-1 TYPE: Factual
03-1 TYPE: Factual
03-11 TYPE: Factual
03-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied
03-17 TYPE: Critical Thinking
04-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied
04-7 TYPE: Factual
04-9 TYPE: Factual
04-18 TYPE: Factual
04-19 TYPE: Factual
05-14 TYPE: Factual
05-14 TYPE: Factual
05-18 TYPE: Factual
05-22 TYPE: Factual
05-23 TYPE: Factual
6-1
REF:
37. ANS:
REF:
38. ANS:
KEY:
39. ANS:
REF:
40. ANS:
REF:
41. ANS:
KEY:
42. ANS:
REF:
43. ANS:
KEY:
44. ANS:
KEY:
45. ANS:
TOP:
46. ANS:
REF:
47. ANS:
KEY:
48. ANS:
REF:
49. ANS:
REF:
50. ANS:
REF:
51. ANS:
KEY:
52. ANS:
REF:
53. ANS:
KEY:
54. ANS:
TOP:
55. ANS:
KEY:
56. ANS:
KEY:
57. ANS:
KEY:
58. ANS:
TOP:
59. ANS:
KEY:
60. ANS:
p. 217
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 217
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
p. 218
OBJ:
A
PTS:
p. 220
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
D
PTS:
p. 221
OBJ:
D
PTS:
Concept/Applied
D
PTS:
Factual
C
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
C
PTS:
p. 222
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
p. 223
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 224
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 225
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
p. 227
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
A
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
6-1
1
6-1
1
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
Factual
Correct = 79%
Factual
p. 217
OBJ: 6-1
1
6-2
1
6-3
1
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
Correct = 23%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 80%
Factual
p. 220
OBJ: 6-3
1
6-3
1
DIF: Correct = 83%
KEY: Factual
REF: p. 221-222
OBJ: 6-3
1
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
1
Factual
1
6-4
1
REF: p. 222
OBJ: 6-4
DIF: Correct = 35%
KEY: Concept/Applied
REF: p. 223
OBJ: 6-4
1
DIF:
6-5
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-7
KEY:
1
DIF:
6-8
KEY:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
DIF:
6-9
KEY:
1
REF:
1
Factual
1
1
Correct = 77%
Factual
Correct = 68%
Factual
Correct = 53%
Concept/Applied
p. 226
OBJ: 6-8
Correct = 71%
Factual
p. 227
OBJ: 6-9
REF: p. 228
OBJ: 6-9
REF: p. 230
OBJ: 6-10
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
MSC:
1
REF:
Concept/Applied
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
p. 230
OBJ: 6-11
** (new or revised)
p. 231
OBJ: 6-12
** (new or revised)
p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
KEY:
61. ANS:
KEY:
62. ANS:
KEY:
63. ANS:
KEY:
64. ANS:
REF:
65. ANS:
REF:
66. ANS:
REF:
67. ANS:
REF:
68. ANS:
REF:
69. ANS:
REF:
70. ANS:
REF:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
p. 233
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 233
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 233
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 234
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 235-236
OBJ:
A
PTS:
p. 235
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 235
OBJ:
** (new or revised)
1
REF: p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
MSC: ** (new or revised)
1
REF: p. 232
OBJ: 6-12
1
REF: p. 232
1
6-13
1
6-13
1
6-13
1
6-14
1
6-15
1
6-15
1
6-15
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
OBJ: 6-12
Correct = 93%
Factual
Correct = 61%
Factual
Correct = 63%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 92%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 38%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 75%
Factual
Correct = 68%
Concept/Applied