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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 5: Learning (Behaviorism)
Essential Task 5-5: Describe the essential
characteristics of insight learning, latent
learning, and observational learning (vicarious
learning, live model, and virtual model)
Learning
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively
permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
We are
here
Classical
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which a response
naturally elicited by one
stimulus becomes to be
elicited by a different
formally neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
emitted to earn rewards
or avoid punishments
Social
Cognitive
Learning
Theory
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
learned by observing a
model
Pavlov and Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Reinforcement and
Punishment
Modeling and Vicarious
Learning
Essential
Task
5-:
Outline
• Cognitive Learning
– insight learning
– latent learning
• Social Cognitive Learning
Theory(observational learning)
– vicarious learning/modeling
– live model
– virtual model
Cognitive Learning
• Learning that depends on mental
activity that is not directly observable
• Involves such processes as attention,
expectation, thinking, and memory
Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps
• Latent learning is learning that takes
place before the subject realizes it and
is not immediately reflected in
behavior
• A cognitive map is latent learning
stored as a mental image
Insight and Learning Sets
• Insight is when learning seems to occur
in a sudden “flash” as elements of a
situation come together
• Learning sets refer to increasing
effectiveness at problem solving
through experience, i.e., organisms
“learn how to learn”
Social Cognitive
Theory/Observational Learning
• Individuals learn through imitating others who
receive rewards and punishments. Learning a behavior
and performing it are not the same thing
• Tenet 1: Response consequences (such as rewards or
punishments) influence the likelihood that a person will
perform a particular behavior again
• Tenet 2: Humans can learn by observing others, in addition
to learning by participating in an act personally. Learning
by observing others is called vicarious learning. The
concept of vicarious learning is not one that would be
subscribed to by classical behaviorists.
• Tenet 3: Individuals are most likely to model behavior
observed by others they identify with. Identification with
others is a function of the degree to which a person is
perceived to be similar to one's self, in addition to the
degree of emotional attachment that is felt toward an
individual.
Bobo Doll Experiment
Bobo Doll Experimental Design
Results
Outline
• Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely
to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were
not exposed to the aggressive model. (Boys averaged 38.2
with 12.7 for girls)
• Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely
to engage in novel hostile acts.
• Children are more influenced by same-sex models.
• Results showed that boys exhibited more aggression when
exposed to aggressive male models than boys exposed to
aggressive female models. When exposed to aggressive
male models, the number of aggressive instances
exhibited by boys averaged 104 compared to 48.4
aggressive instances exhibited by boys who were exposed
to aggressive female models.
Learning by Observing
• The likelihood of acting on vicarious learning
changes when we see the consequences of other
people’s behavior
• Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment
affects the willingness of people to perform
behaviors they learned by watching others
Live and Virtual Models
Virtual
Model
Live
Model
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons
in the brains of animals and humans that
are active during observational learning.